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Exploitation Of The Sea > Human Noise > Flashcards

Human Noise Flashcards

0
Q

What is sound and how is it measured?

A

Sound is a pressure wave measure in frequency

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1
Q

How much faster does sound travel underwater than in air?

A

5 times faster

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2
Q

What can affect sound propagation in water?

A

Water temperature, salinity and pH

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3
Q

Water can be reflected, compressed or refracted at what boundaries?

A

Bottom, surface or thermocline

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4
Q

Natural noise sources include?

A

Earthquakes, ice, break waves, rain on the surface, bubbles and spray

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5
Q

Human noise sources include?

A

Shipping, seismic surveys, naval activities, recreation, science, fisheries and construction

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6
Q

Shipping contributes noise at what frequency?

A

5-500 Hz (low)

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7
Q

Seismic surveys work at what frequencies?

A

Concentrated at <300 Hz but spills out into higher frequencies (up to 15kHz)

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8
Q

Naval sonar uses what kind of sound?

A

Mid-low frequencies

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9
Q

Construction noise includes…

A

Detonations and pile driving (100Hz - 10kHz)

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10
Q

ADCP

A

Acoustic Doppler current profiler - high frequency sound to measure ocean currents

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11
Q

ATOC

A

Acoustic thermometer of the oceans climate

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12
Q

Impacts of noise on marine life…

A

Death (stranding), injury (PTS + TTS), increased stress, changes in behaviour and masking

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13
Q

Many species are protected under what law?

A

Habitats Directive (EU) and Marine Mammal Protection Act (USA)

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14
Q

What are the attempts to mitigate human noise?

A

MMOs on naval and seismic vessels, sounds stop when marine mammals are sighted
Acoustic deterrents around pile driving
Avoidance of critical times and locations

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15
Q

What are two examples of increased stress levels in marine animals?

A
  1. Increased stress in whales from shop noise

2. Reduced growth and reproduction in brown shrimp

16
Q

EIAs

A

Environmental Impact Assessments - monitoring and mitigation often required under these assessments

17
Q

How is sound propagation altered by climate change?

A

Carbon dioxide emissions make it more transparent to low-frequency sound

18
Q

Why is sound important on the sea?

A

Travels 5x faster than in air and is main sense for marine animals as light only penetrates the shallow depths

19
Q

What do marine organism use sound for?

A

Prey location
Navigation
Mate attraction
Socialising

20
Q

Human noise overlaps what?

A

All species sound from fish to mammals

21
Q

What do TTS and PTS stand for?

A

Temporary and Permanent Threshold Shift

22
Q

Increase a stress can cause what 3 major changes in behaviour?

A

Displacement
Vocalisations
Surfacing patterns

23
Q

MSFD

A

Marine strategy framework directive - puts threshold in place for marine noise in selected but can’t fine anyone for breaking this threshold

Exploitation Of The Sea (6 decks)

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