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MAR 315 > Marine Protected Areas > Flashcards

Marine Protected Areas Flashcards

1
Q

Hope Spots

A

Provide hope due to:
- Special abundance or diversity of species
- Populations of rare or threatened species
- Potential reverse damage from negative human impacts
- Significant historical, cultural, or spiritual values
- Economic importance
- Migration / spawning grounds
Can be big or small

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2
Q

Where is the first hope spot in NY?

A

Shinnecock Bay

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3
Q

World Heritage Sites

A

Have special natural or cultural values and span borders of multiple countries (Ex: The Great Barrier Reef, Galápagos Islands)

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4
Q

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)

A

Restrict some human activities but allow fishing
8% of the ocean

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5
Q

Marine Reserves

A

Areas also known as no take zones where fishing is prohibited
Less than 3% of the ocean

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6
Q

What are some of the restrictions that may be applied to a marine protected area?

A
  • Limits on terrestrial development
  • Bans on all or some watercraft
  • Rules about anchoring / mooring
  • Restrictions on fishing gear
  • Seasonal fisheries closure
  • Different catch limits than unprotected waters
  • Bans on “taking” or disrupting marine life
  • No human presence permitted
    Different MPAs have different goals
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7
Q

No-Use Zone

A

No human activities are permitted

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8
Q

No-Take Zones

A

Only “non-extractive” activities are permitted

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9
Q

Buffer Zones

A

Transitional areas between no-take zones and multi-use zones (allow some hook fishing / tourism)

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10
Q

Multi-Use Zones

A

Tourism, aquaculture, recreational and commercial fishing are permitted

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11
Q

What was the first law for ocean protection in the United States?

A

Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972
Gives NOAA the authority to develop management plans, issue regulations, and enforce those regulations for each sanctuary as a whole

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12
Q

National Marine Sanctuaries

A
  • A category of MPA
  • Requires a designation
  • Designation process involves public engagement, local community outreach, stakeholder involvement etc. (this is required before and after the sanctuary is created)
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13
Q

Ecological Reserves

A

Protect an entire range of marine habitats

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14
Q

Existing Management Areas

A

Established by NOAA or another federal agency prior to 1997 when sanctuary zoning regulations went into effect

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15
Q

Sanctuary Preservation Areas (SPAs)

A

Areas for scientific research and educational purposes, restoration, monitoring, or to establish areas that confine or restrict activity

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16
Q

Wildlife Management Areas

A

Intended to minimize disturbances to sensitive or endangered wildlife and their habitats (ex: turtle nesting beaches)

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17
Q

What are the 5 keys to a successful MPA?

A
  1. Size: The larger the MPA the greater success it will have
  2. Age: The older the MPA is the ore effective it is
  3. Proximity: The more connectivity and distance to other MPAs, the higher the genetic diversity
  4. Level of enforcement: Strict and adaptive management
  5. Degree of protection: No-take reserves provide the most protection
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18
Q

What are some of the benefits of a good MPA?

A
  • Refuge (fish can hide from people resulting in bigger fish and higher catches)
  • Protect vital habitats / ecosystems
  • Protect juvenile spawning grounds
  • Protect ecosystem integrity, structure and function
  • Enhance knowledge of marine systems
  • Improve fisheries
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19
Q

Describe Palau National Marine Sanctuary (PNMS)

A
  • One of the largest MPAs in the world
  • 80% of the country’s national waters are in a full protected no take zone
  • Only 20% of Palau’s EEZ is open to fishing
  • Regulatory zones prioritize palauan fishers raising the export tax for fish caught by foreign fleets
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20
Q

What could potentially happen to the Palau National Marine Sanctuary?

A
  • The Palau government wants to open their waters back up to commercial fishing in an effort to recover economically from the global pandemic
  • Only 30% of their waters would remain protected
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21
Q

When was the Ross Sea established as a MPA?

A
  • December 2017
  • 24 Countries agreed to its designation (Antarctica is not officially owned by any country)
  • Protected from commercial fishing for 35 years
  • No-take zone where all fishing is prohibited (two research zones allow limited fishing for scientific purposes)
22
Q

How can MPAs improve fisheries?

A
  • Increase abundance of over-exploited stocks
  • Reduce fishing pressure on vulnerable species
  • Protect species taken as bycatch from mortality
  • Reduce user conflicts
  • Enhance reproduction
23
Q

Which MPAs are most effective?

A

Those that are fully protected

24
Q

Describe what happened to the sea scallops in the Gulf of Maine?

A

Inside the MPA, the number of scallops increased and was greater compared to fully fished areas outside of the MPA. Although this was great, fishing for bottom fishes in the Gulf of Maine was concentrated around the boundaries of the protected areas.

25
Q

What are the biological benefits of MPAs?

A
  • Increase abundance, density, genetic diversity
  • Improve environments outside MPAs
  • Increase age, size, and fecundity of individuals and populations
  • Normalize sex ratios
  • Increase species diversity and functional redundancy
26
Q

How can fisheries unintentionally benefit from MPAs?

A

Leakages and Spillovers

27
Q

Describe a spillover

A
  • Individuals move out of reserves as the carrying capacity is approached
  • Emigration = increased availability for fisheries
28
Q

Describe leakage

A
  • Movement out of reserve independent of reserve impacts on abundance / size / biomass
  • Periodic migration
29
Q

What are some limitations to leakage?

A
  • Can prevent reserve from reaching carrying capacity
  • May increase adjacent fishery landings but not to the extent that a spillover can
30
Q

What are some trade-offs associated with MPAs (in regards to fisheries)?

A
  • No- take zones may be better for fisheries
  • Ex: Spiny lobster fish - 35% reduction in fishing area resulting from MPA was compensated for by a 225% increase in total catch after 6 years
31
Q

What is a requirement in order for there to be a persistence of populations in MPAs?

A

Sufficient recruitment to replace individuals that die

32
Q

Short-distance dispersal

A

Self sustaining populations
Recruitment is taking place by offspring produced in that reserve

33
Q

Long-distance / larval dispersal

A

Less likely to recruit to the reserve in which they are produced
They are likely to travel farther (need a network of reserves to capture recruits)

34
Q

Ecological Connectivity

A

Functional linkages between spatially distinct populations, communities, habitats, or ecosystems
Connectivity enhances effectiveness, biodiversity, productivity, stability, and resilience of MPAs

35
Q

What is one of the largest ecologically connective MPAs?

A

California’s Statewide Network of MPAs
- Designated by California’s legislature in 1999 with the passage of the Marine Life Protection Act
What was some of the thought process behind establishing this MPA

36
Q

What opportunities can MPAs present to humans?

A
  • Non-consumptive activities (ex: ecotourism, education, recreation)
  • Create public awareness
  • Enhance economic opportunities
  • Employment opportunities
37
Q

Describe the Galapagos Marien Reserve

A
  • One of the largest and most biologically diverse MPA in the world
  • 1959: Ecuador created Galapagos National Park
  • 1970s: Increase in human activity (ex: agriculture) = increasing on the island resulting in the waters suffering from pollution
  • 1974: Terrestrial management plan was written
    1998: Marine Protected Area = established
38
Q

What was the Terrestrial Management Plan of the National Park (Galápagos Islands)?

A

Recommended protecting two nautical miles of sea around each of the 19 main islands of the Galapagos

39
Q

What are the restrictions on commercial use in the Galapagos MPA?

A
  • Commercial fishing is allowed in some areas (lobster and sea cucumber fisheries = important sources of income to the local population)
  • Scientists and fishermen regularly monitor the number and health of the fish and crustacean populations
  • Scientists train local residents in sustainable fisheries practice
40
Q

How is satellite-based. geographic information system (GIS) technology utilized in the Galapagos?

A

Used to monitor tourist activities / ensure tourists follow regulations

41
Q

What are somethings that need to be invested in MPA management?

A
  • The number of regulations
  • Community involvement / public awareness
  • Enforcement
42
Q

Interpretive Enforcement

A

Based on the premise that most people. once informed about MPA regulations. want to do the right thing

43
Q

Describe “paper parks”

A

Parks that look good on paper but were never established
Not a scientific term

44
Q

What are some other factors of MPA design?

A
  • Social
  • Community values
  • Community support
    Often times the same community that bought into an MPA will reap the benefits
45
Q

How can we improve MPA management and effectiveness?

A
  1. Adaptive management
  2. Data-driven approaches
  3. Community involvement
46
Q

Adaptive Management

A

Dynamic management practices that can respond to changing environment conditions and new scientific research

47
Q

Data-Driven Approaches

A

Use of satellite technology for better monitoring enforcement

48
Q

Community Involvement

A

Importance of involving local communities in MPA management

49
Q

Blue Bonds

A

Converts a country’s national debt into money for marine conservation

50
Q

Describe the 30X30 goal

A

This is the global target to protect 30% of the words ocean and land areas by 2030
This will most likely not happen

MAR 315 (10 decks)

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