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MAR 315 > Intro. to Marine Conservation > Flashcards

Intro. to Marine Conservation Flashcards

1
Q

Chronometer

A

Determines accurate longitude and latitude in order to chart coastlines

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2
Q

Pacific Sardine Fishery

A
  • Sardines = most important commercial fishery in California
  • High demand during WWII
  • Fished to the point of commercial extinction
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3
Q

Shifting Baseline Syndrome

A

Each generation of scientists accepts the current knowledge at the beginning of their careers as a baseline for the conditions of an ecosystem and uses this to evaluate changes.
Why is this a problem

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4
Q

What is marine conservation biology?

A

The science of maintaining the sea’s biodiversity. You want to:
1. PROTECT / PRESERVE the ecosystems in the oceans and seas through planned management
2. PREVENT the over-exploitation of marine resources

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5
Q

What are the main principles of marine conservation biology?

A
  1. Consider human rights
  2. Integrating equity
  3. Understanding life-history traits
  4. Connecting population growth rate and density dependent population regulation
  5. Safeguarding marine ecosystem biodiversity
  6. Establishing integrative and adaptive management
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6
Q

What is the primary focus of marine conservation?

A

Humans!
We want to:
1. limit human-caused damages
2. Restore damaged marine ecosystems
3. Preserve vulnerable species and ecosystems of marine life

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7
Q

What are the weaknesses of marine conservation biology?

A
  • It is a young field and is often easily dismissed
  • There is little information available
  • Conservation questions are moral questions
  • Less technical / methods are less certain
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8
Q

What are the strengths of marine conservation biology?

A
  • Interdisciplinary
  • Flexible
  • Young professionals
  • More opportunities
  • Lots to learn
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9
Q

How can we measure conservation?

A
  • Measuring biodiversity and productivity relative to a current baseline
  • Population data for a species of interest
  • Public opinion
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10
Q

Biodiversity

A

Variety of all life forms (plants, animals, micro-organisms) and the ecosystems of which they are apart

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11
Q

Why is biodiversity good?

A

Adaptability
(Organisms are able to readily adapt to their environments which are constantly changing)

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12
Q

What is the main difference between terrestrial and marine conservation?

A
  • We (humans) tend to focus on what we can see
  • We can readily see the consequences of our activities on terrestrial ecosystems and species
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13
Q

Describe charismatic megafauna

A

Refers to human values
- Humans tend to focus more on the bigger “cooler” animals
- There is a lack in the representation of charismatic marine animals (less exposure of the public to marine life)

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14
Q

What are some conservation related differences between non-marine and marine realms?

A
  1. The sea is much larger
  2. The sea is less transparent than air: no aerial / satellite observations of animals submerged deep in the ocean
  3. The sea is more 3D: There are greater differences in the ocean at greater depths / Mapping distributions and biological patterns = more complex
  4. Spatial shifts: pelagic ecosystems undergo rapid spatial shifts compared to benthic ecosystems (due to: eddies, upwellings, water masses, convergence zones)
  5. Primary producer / consumer biomass = more patchy in time: on land primary producers (ex: trees) = long-lived while phytoplankton only live days to months
  6. Few opportunities for ex-situ conservation: conservation of marine organisms outside of their natural habitat = difficult because seawater chemistry is difficult to maintain
  7. Humans depend more on consuming marine life WILDLIFE: land animal protein = domesticated / bred while sea animal protein = wild species (breeding, feeding etc. is NOT regulated)
  8. Technologies are less selective and evolving faster: In the sea technologies have increased and selection has decreased (ex: long-line fisheries)
  9. Lack of ownership: The high seas are harder to regulate as they are not owned by any nation
  10. Cultural and legal protections: Scarce large carnivores = prized for their roles in ecosystems on land but not in the sea (ex: tigers vs sharks) / management agencies deal with marine organisms in tonnage not #’s of individuals
  11. Self interest > common good: humans are inherently selfish
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15
Q

The environmental movement

A

Social movement aimed to protect the natural world from harmful environmental practices in order to create sustainable living
Shift towards conservation

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16
Q

Preservation vs. Conservation

A
  • Preservation: nature = set aside for its own sake
  • Conservation: manage natural resources for human use
17
Q

When did the environmental movement begin to take off in the U.S?

A

After WWII
- 1962: Rachel Carson: Silent Spring
- 1970: Clean Air Act
- 1970: Environmental Protection Agency
- 1972: Clean Water Act
- 1972: Marine Mammal Protection Act
- 1973: Endangered species act

18
Q

Environmental Ethics

A

Provides moral framework for how humans interact with the natural environment

19
Q

What are the 8 environmental ethics?

A
  1. Respect for intrinsic value of nature: nature should NOT be treated as a commodity / resource to be exploited
  2. Interdependence of species and ecosystems: humans depend on nature But nature also depends on humans to protect and preserve the environment
  3. Ecological sustainability: use of resources responsibly in order to preserve biodiversity
  4. Human responsibility: we are responsible for our own actions / decisions in regards to the environment
  5. Human equity: rights of humans animals and plants must be protected
  6. Precautionary principle: we must take precautions against environmental harm
  7. Right to know: Individuals have the right to access information about environmental issues
  8. Right to participate: citizens have the right to participate in environmental decision-making processes
20
Q

Intrinsic value

A

The value that an entity has in itself for what it is

21
Q

Instrumental value

A

The value that something has as a derivative in the value of something else

22
Q

Subjective intrinsic value

A
  • Created by valuers through their evaluative attitudes / judgements
  • It does not exist prior to or independent of those
23
Q

Objective intrinsic value

A
  • Not humanly conferred
  • It has properties / features which are valuable independent of anyones attitudes or judgements
24
Q

Anthropocentrism

A

Only human interests need to be taken into account

25
Q

Non-anthropocentrism

A

At least some non-human interest should be taken into account

26
Q

Sentientism

A

Only physiologically complex entities (those that experience pleasure and pain) need to have their interests considered

27
Q

Biocentrism

A

The good of all living things should be taken into account

28
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

Processes that operate today operated in the past
- “The present is key to the past / the past is key to the future”

29
Q

Neo-Malthusian

A

Overpopulation and overconsumption will increase resource depletion / environmental degradation and will lead to ecological collapse
Population growth must be stopped for their to be long-term solutions to environmental problems

30
Q

What is a major challenge of managing humans in regards to marine conservation?

A

You must find a balance between ecological systems as well as human behaviors, values, and institutions

MAR 315 (10 decks)

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