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MAR 315 > Fisheries Management > Flashcards

Fisheries Management Flashcards

1
Q

Why do fishery declines continue to occur?

A
  • Increasing demand (increasing human population)
  • Government subsidies
  • Lack of adequate fisheries data (no data = no management)
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2
Q

What are government subsidies?

A

Financial incentives provided by governments to support various aspects of fishing operations (ex: vessel construction, gear acquisition, processing infrastructure)

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3
Q

When and why were government subsidies created?

A
  • 1930s / 1940s
  • Encourage investment in fishing sector
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4
Q

Capacity Enhancing Subsidies

A

Increase fishing capacity by expanding fishing fleets
promotes overfishing

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5
Q

UN Sustainable Development Goal

A

“Prohibit” certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overfishing
Eliminate subsidies that contribute to IUU fishing

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6
Q

What is a big downside of subsidies in regards to developing vs developed countries?

A

Most subsidies go to developed countries

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7
Q

What are some reasons why managing fisheries is hard?

A
  • Migration patterns
  • Water quality changes
  • Integrity (you are relying on people being honest)
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8
Q

Stock Assessment

A

Measurement of the “fishable” population

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9
Q

Why are stock assessments important?

A

They provide fishery managers with a scientific basis for setting harvest policies under the MSA

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10
Q

Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation And Management Act (MSA)

A

The primary law that governs marine fisheries management in the U.S federal waters
Established in 1976

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11
Q

What information is necessary for a stock assessment?

A
  • Growth: length, weight, age relationship / L50 age
  • Recruitment: fecundity, recruitment, sex-skews
  • Mortality: fishing down the food web, bycatch rates etc.
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12
Q

Traditional Fisheries Management

A

Manages a single species of fish in isolation

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13
Q

Regional Fishery Management Councils

A
  • Created by the MSA
  • 8 regional fishery management councils
  • Responsible for fisheries that require conservation and management in their region
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14
Q

What are fishery management councils required to do under the MSA?

A
  • Develop and amend fishery management plans
  • Conduct public meetings
  • Develop research priorities in conjunction with a scientific and statistical committee
  • Select fishery management options
  • Set annual catch limits
  • Develop and implement rebuilding plans
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15
Q

What are some important management questions?

A
  • What percent removal / year best balances resource conservation and use?
  • Has a stock declined into an overfished condition?
  • Does a stocks harvest rate exceed sustainable levels (is overfishing occurring)?
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16
Q

Fisheries Independent Data

A
  • Derived from commercial and recreational fishing processes
  • Collected by scientist Not anglers / fishermen
  • Surveys = conducted over many year to track long term abundance trends
  • Methods are consistent (same gear is used throughout survey to mitigate bias)
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17
Q

What is the goal of fisheries independent data?

A

Develop the most complete catch profile possible (how much are they catching?)

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18
Q

The size of the catch is linked to _____

A
  • Fishing effort (CPUE)
  • If you know the total time spent hunting and catch per uni effort you can estimate total population
    Indicates changes in abundance
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19
Q

Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE)

A

Number or weight (biomass) of fish caught by an amount of effort
Effort is a combination of gear type, size, length and time

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20
Q

Overfished

A

Fish are caught at a higher rate than the population can support
(past-tense)

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21
Q

Maximally Sustainably Fished

A

“Fully-fished / exploited”
This is the sweet spot that fisheries are aiming for

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22
Q

Underfished

A
  • Fish stock is greater than the biomass that would produce the maximum sustainable yield
  • We are missing out on a key food and income source
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23
Q

Sustainability

A

Catching as many fish as possible without further depleting fish populations
Meeting the needs of the current generation without sacrificing the needs of future generations

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24
Q

Social Sustainability

A

Fisher ecosystem maintains the ability to deliver products that society can use
This can conflict with biodiversity

25
Q

Maximal Sustainable Yield (MSY)

A

The point at which you can catch as much fish as possible without depleting fish stocks further
This is optimal for profit and food production

26
Q

What are some problems with MSY?

A
  • Short-term economic gain drives management decisions as opposed to long-term sustainable profit
  • Fish species have large ranges and effective management requires international cooperation
  • Singles species approach ignores ecosystem
  • Interactive effects (how a target species interacts with other species) = unknown
27
Q

What management tools can be utilized to regulate fisheries?

A
  • Size / weight limitations
  • Gear
  • Time (seasonal closures)
  • Permits (control who gets to fish)
28
Q

What are some ways that fishing can be practiced more sustainably?

A
  • Reduce bycatch occurrence
  • Gar modifications
  • Increase coverage and enforcement of MPAs
  • Reduce government subsidies
  • Aquaculture
29
Q

Describe NOAA Fisheries bycatch reduction strategy

A

Ecocast: Optimize the harvest of fish while minimizing the bycatch of protected species
App tells you where you can fish for the target species while avoiding areas with protected species

30
Q

What is an example of behavior mediated gear alteration?

A
  1. Atlantic Longfin Squid and Scup / Winter Flounder:
    - Target species = Longfin Squid
    - Scup / Winter Flounder swim in schools underneath schools of squid
    - Trawling for squid = high Scup / Flounder bycatch
    - Gear was altered to increase selectivity by creating a separator panel to catch squid but release fish (squid go into upper portion of the net Scup / Flounder go into lower portion)
  2. J hook –> Circle hook
    - Circle hook increases chance for bycatch to escape
  3. Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDS)
    - Shrimp trawling = high sea turtle bycatch
    - Metal bars added to mesh to prevent turtles and other animals from getting caught in the net
  4. Pinger and acoustic deterrent devices
    - Acoustic devices (ex: sonar) deter marine mammals (ex: dolphins / porpoises) from becoming entangled in nets
31
Q

What benefit do temporal closures have in promoting sustainable fishing?

A
  • Protect temporal spawning grounds
  • Useful if there are seasonal concentrations in fishing effort
32
Q

What are limitations to temporal closures?

A

Unlikely to be effective unless other tools such as catch limits / gear restrictions are used

33
Q

What benefit do fishing licenses have in promoting sustainable fishing?

A
  • Can be for daily, seasonal, or annual use
  • Commonly used to restrict number of boats / fishers in a fishery
34
Q

What are limitations to fishing licenses?

A
  • Difficult if there are many fleets
  • Inappropriate for fishers who rely on substance fishing
35
Q

What benefit do catch limits have in promoting sustainable fishing?

A

Can be set daily, seasonally, or annually

36
Q

What are limitations to catch limits?

A
  • Difficult to enforce if there are many fleets
  • Not easy to regulate within a multi-species context
37
Q

Catch Shares

A

Allocates a privilege to harvest a specific area or percentage of a fishery’s total catch to individuals, communities, or associations

38
Q

Quota-based programs

A
  • Establish a fishery-wide catch limit and assign portions (or shares) of the catch to participants
  • Participants are directly accountable to stay within the catch limit
39
Q

Area based programs

A

Allocate a secure area to participants and include appropriate controls on fishing mortality that ensure long-term sustainability of the stock

40
Q

Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQS)

A
  • Quotas are given by weight and for a given period of time
  • Quotas can be bought, sold and leased
41
Q

Describe the quota management system in New Zealand

A
  • Established in 1986
  • A yearly catch limit (Total Allowable Catch (TAC)) is set for every fish stock
  • The TAC includes allowance for recreational and sustainable fishing
  • The remainder is the Total Allowable Commercial Catch (TACC)
  • Commercial fishers who fish using a quota are the only people who can legally sell fish
42
Q

Buyback Programs

A
  • Implemented by governments to reduce fishing capacity and alleviate overcapacity in fisheries
  • Fishermen are compensated for relinquishing their dishing permits, licenses, or vessels
  • Reduces fishing pressures, improves economic efficiency and restores the balance between fishing capacity and sustainable resource levels
43
Q

Can there be a sustainable fishery for K-selected species?

A

It is complicated!
why

44
Q

Aquaculture

A

The process of breeding, and harvesting aquatic species in controlled aquatic environments such as oceans, rivers, lakes, ponds, and streams

45
Q

What purposes does aquaculture serves?

A
  • Food production
  • Restoration of threatened / endangered species
  • The building of aquariums, fish cultures, and habitat restoration
46
Q

Mariculture

A

The farming of marine organisms in a natural environment or in land or sea based enclosures ex: cages, ponds, or raceways

47
Q

Fish Farming

A

The selective breeding of fish either in freshwater or seawater, which are raised in enclosures to be sold as food

48
Q

Algaculture

A

The cultivation of algae
Omega 3 in fish comes from algae

49
Q

Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA)

A

Different trophic levels are mixed into the system to provide different nutritional needs for each other (mimicking an ecosystem)

50
Q

What are the benefits of aquaculture?

A
  • An alternative food source
  • An alternative fuel source
  • Increase in jobs
51
Q

What are some of the concerns with aquaculture?

A
  • Altered biodiversity and community structure
  • Introduction of invasive species
  • Spread of harmful algal blooms
  • Loss of genetic diversity (no interactions with other populations)
52
Q

Describe some of the major concerns with shrimp farming?

A
  • Habitat destruction: destroys 38% of the world’s mangroves (coastal erosion)
  • Pollution: Prepared with heavy doses of chemicals that get washed out to sea
  • Disease and loss of genetic diversity: 80% of farmed shrimp are raised from two species
53
Q

How do fisheries and aquaculture overlap?

A
  • Farmed fish is substituting captured fish in seafood markets
  • 36% of landings from fisheries are used for the production of fishmeal and fish oil
54
Q

What is an example of how we can sustainably provide food to aquaculture species?

A

Use insects, algae, and vegetables instead of fish feed

55
Q

How are ecosystems important to fish factories?

A
  • 95% of all fish species depend on coastal ecosystems (ex: mangroves = important nursery grounds for small fish species)
56
Q

Describe Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM)

A
  • Recognizes that humans are an important part of the equation
  • Considers the sustainability of both human and ecological systems
  • Utilizes collaboration
  • Incorporates understanding of ecosystem processes
57
Q

Describe conventional management

A
  • Individual species
  • Individual human activities evaluated
  • Management by individual sectors
  • Narrowly focused scientific monitoring programs
  • Observations serve a single use / purpose
58
Q

Describe Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM)

A
  • Multiple species
  • Human integral part of ecosystem
  • Multi-sector resource managements
  • Adaptive management based on scientific monitoring
  • Shared and standardized observations

MAR 315 (10 decks)

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