Marine Phylogeography

Question 1

what is the study of Phylogeography?

Answer 1

the study of speciation through time and place

Question 2

Is endothermy the result of selection for a high and stable body temperature or for increased aerobic activity?

Answer 2

Ability to warm the brain and retina arose independently in three lineages

Cranial endothermy was selected in order to permit thermal niche expansion rather than increased aerobic respiration?

Question 3

phylogeography parallels between land and sea

Answer 3

Latitudinal gradients.
Biogeographic provinces.
Influence of glaciation/retreat at high latitudes.
Biodiversity hotspots (e.g. the Indo-Pacific) distinguished by stability,
habitat heterogeneity and the ability to ‘export’ species.

Question 4

‘monophyletic’

Answer 4

A monophyletic group (or clade) is made up of an ancestral species (B) and all of its descendant species.

Question 5

‘Paraphyletic’

Answer 5

A paraphyletic group is made up of an ancestral species (A) and some but not all of its descendant species.

Question 6

polyphyletic

Answer 6

A polyphyletic group is made up of species that do not share a common ancestor.

Question 7

Dendogram

Answer 7

a genetic term applied to any type of diagrammatic representation of phylogenetic trees

Question 8

Cladogram

Answer 8

represent relative recency of common ancestry, e.g. relationships.
Branch lengths do not represent evolutionary time.

Question 9

Phylogram

Answer 9

represent the same as a cladogram with an indication of branch length (indicating the amount of evolutionary change over time)

Question 10

Phlyogenetic tree building summery

Answer 10

1- Collect sequence data (direct sequencing and/or from GenBank)

2- align sequences

3- choose tree building method

4- Apply model of evolution (if required)

5- calculate reliability estimate

Question 11

Phylogenetic tree building methods (4 types)

Answer 11

• Neighbour joining
• Maximum Parsimony
• Maximum Likelihood
• Bayesian Analysis

Question 12

bootstrap for how many replicates

Answer 12

100-1000 replicates normal for a bootstrap

Question 13

marker used for close species level

Answer 13

Sequences of mt-DNA (e.g. CO1, control region), ITS rDNA

Question 14

marker used for Genera to Families

Answer 14

Some large sub-unit rDNA domains (D1<D2, D8) (e.g. 28S), but also mt-DNA or small sub-unit rDNA (e.g.16S, 18S)

Question 15

marker used for Classes to Phyla

Answer 15

D1 of large sub-unit rDNA, small sub-unit rDNA sequences

Question 16

The ‘molecular clock’

Answer 16

A figurative technique that uses the mutation rate of biomolecules to deduce the time in prehistory when two or more life forms diverged.