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Exploitation of the Sea 2 > Marine Noise > Flashcards

Marine Noise Flashcards

1
Q

What are ADCP?

A

Acoustic dock current profilers

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1
Q

What is the distance from pile driving that causes TTS in cetaceans?

A

10m

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1
Q

What has noise in the north sea caused harbour porpoises to do?

A

Louder voalisations

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2
Q

What do naval sonars cause in whales?

A

Rapid decompression

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2
Q

What is the distance from pile driving that causes PTS in cetaceans?

A

5m

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3
Q

What is a decibel?

A

Logarithmic unit used to express ratio between two values of a physical quantity

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4
Q

What is sea state?

A

How rough the surface of the sea is

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5
Q

What does the sea bed do to sound?

A

Absorb, reflect or refract

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6
Q

What is the main sense for marine organisms?

A

Hearing

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6
Q

What are sources of human noise?

A

Boat traffic, sonar, resource extraction, fisheries

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6
Q

What legislation is there against noise?

A

No specific legislation

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7
Q

What type of frequencies travel further?

A

Low

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7
Q

What is the distance from pile driving that causes PTS in pinnipeds?

A

20m

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8
Q

Where abouts in water does sound travel faster?

A

Near the surface

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9
Q

What can cause cause?

A

Displacement

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10
Q

What is the wenz curve?

A

Determines sea state

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11
Q

What is the problem with the frequencies of seismic surveys?

A

Energy spills out into high frequencies

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12
Q

What are sources of natural noise?

A

Earthquakes, ice, turbulence, waves, rain, bubbles, marine line

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13
Q

What can be done whilst we wait for legislation against sound to come in?

A

Ramp up sound levels, acoustic deterrents

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14
Q

What is sound?

A

Pressure wave

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15
Q

What do MMOs do?

A

Stop activity when animals are seen or heard in the zone of influence

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16
Q

What is MSFD?

A

Marine strategy framework directive

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17
Q

What does ADCPs do?

A

High frequency sounds to measure ocean currents

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18
Q

What is the distance from pile driving that causes TTS in pinnipeds?

A

40m

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19
Q

What does sound need to make it noise?

A

Context

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20
Q

What are naval sonars used for?

A

Find other people under the water

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21
Q

What does the airgun in a seismic survey do?

A

Sends high energy sound into seabed to find oil

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21
Q

What are behavioural changes caused by noise?

A

Vocalisation, surfacing patters

23
Q

What is PTS?

A

Ear is so damaged so the threshold is pushed

24
Q

What are the 2 types of death caused by noise?

A

Stranding/bends

25
Q

What is the problem with PTS and TTS?

A

Not hearing conspecifics to mate, not being able to perceive predators

26
Q

What are the 2 types of injury?

A

Permanent or Temporary Threshold shfits

26
Q

What is TTS?

A

Ability to perceive sound changes based on experiences you’ve just had

27
Q

Why does water propagate sound better?

A

Properties

27
Q

What does low frequency sound travel through?

A

Deep sound channel

29
Q

Where is noise from shipping most concentrated?

A

Around ports and shipping lanes

29
Q

What are some impacts of sound?

A

Death, Injury, Stress, Changes in behaviour, Masking

31
Q

How do naval sonars work?

A

Beams out sound at different frequencies and determines where other boats are

31
Q

What does PTS mean?

A

Permanent threshold shift

32
Q

What do particles in sound do?

A

Oscillate

33
Q

What can affect the propagation of sound?

A

Temperature, salinity, pH

34
Q

How has sonar being linked to causing death?

A

Gas bubbles in the liver - rushing up to the surface because of shock

35
Q

What does construction cause in marine mammals?

A

Temporary displacement from wind farms

36
Q

What does shipping mostly contribute?

A

5-500Hz

37
Q

What is descriptor 11?

A

Thresholds about noise in ports not exceeding a certain number of decibels

39
Q

What are MMOs?

A

Marine mammal observers

40
Q

What is the range that construction should be built away from animals?

A

100m

41
Q

Which descriptor in MSFD is in relation to noise?

A

Descriptor 11

42
Q

How is hormone concentration in whales tested?

A

From poo

44
Q

How doe seismic surveys work?

A

Sound bounces off sea bed, heard by receivers and processed on a boat

45
Q

How can climate change alter the propagation of sound?

A

Warmer water, more carbon

46
Q

Where does most noise from shipping come from?

A

Propeller rotation, flow noise, engine, dynamic positioning

47
Q

What is noise?

A

Unwanted sound

49
Q

What does TTS mean?

A

Temporary threshold shift

51
Q

What does shipping cause in right whales?

A

Stress

53
Q

How much faster does noise travel in water compared to air?

A

5 times

55
Q

What is sound comprised of?

A

Longitudinal waves and oscillating particles

56
Q

What is frequency dependent on?

A

Body size

57
Q

Why is ramping up sound better?

A

Scares off animals - not physically injur

59
Q

What is masking?

A

When noise interferes with organism’s ability to hear

60
Q

What is sound refracted or compressed by?

A

Boundaries of the sea

61
Q

What are ATOC?

A

Acoustic thermometry of oceans climates

62
Q

What are seismic surveys most used by?

A

Oil industry

63
Q

How is sound used in scientific research?

A

Play back experiments - how the brain responds to different sounds

65
Q

What are MMOs on?

A

Naval and seismic vessels

66
Q

What does the wenz curve predict?

A

Average number of noise inputs into the sea

67
Q

What kind of frequency does a sound with short wavelength have?

A

High

68
Q

What does Hz mean?

A

Signal running at one cycle per second

Exploitation of the Sea 2 (3 decks)

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