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Exploitation of the Sea 2 > Marine Noise > Flashcards

Marine Noise Flashcards

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1
Q

What are ADCP?

A

Acoustic dock current profilers

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1
Q

What is the distance from pile driving that causes TTS in cetaceans?

A

10m

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1
Q

What has noise in the north sea caused harbour porpoises to do?

A

Louder voalisations

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2
Q

What do naval sonars cause in whales?

A

Rapid decompression

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2
Q

What is the distance from pile driving that causes PTS in cetaceans?

A

5m

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3
Q

What is a decibel?

A

Logarithmic unit used to express ratio between two values of a physical quantity

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4
Q

What is sea state?

A

How rough the surface of the sea is

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5
Q

What does the sea bed do to sound?

A

Absorb, reflect or refract

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6
Q

What is the main sense for marine organisms?

A

Hearing

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6
Q

What are sources of human noise?

A

Boat traffic, sonar, resource extraction, fisheries

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6
Q

What legislation is there against noise?

A

No specific legislation

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7
Q

What type of frequencies travel further?

A

Low

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7
Q

What is the distance from pile driving that causes PTS in pinnipeds?

A

20m

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8
Q

Where abouts in water does sound travel faster?

A

Near the surface

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9
Q

What can cause cause?

A

Displacement

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10
Q

What is the wenz curve?

A

Determines sea state

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11
Q

What is the problem with the frequencies of seismic surveys?

A

Energy spills out into high frequencies

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12
Q

What are sources of natural noise?

A

Earthquakes, ice, turbulence, waves, rain, bubbles, marine line

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13
Q

What can be done whilst we wait for legislation against sound to come in?

A

Ramp up sound levels, acoustic deterrents

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14
Q

What is sound?

A

Pressure wave

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15
Q

What do MMOs do?

A

Stop activity when animals are seen or heard in the zone of influence

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16
Q

What is MSFD?

A

Marine strategy framework directive

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17
Q

What does ADCPs do?

A

High frequency sounds to measure ocean currents

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18
Q

What is the distance from pile driving that causes TTS in pinnipeds?

A

40m

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19
What does sound need to make it noise?
Context
20
What are naval sonars used for?
Find other people under the water
21
What does the airgun in a seismic survey do?
Sends high energy sound into seabed to find oil
21
What are behavioural changes caused by noise?
Vocalisation, surfacing patters
23
What is PTS?
Ear is so damaged so the threshold is pushed
24
What are the 2 types of death caused by noise?
Stranding/bends
25
What is the problem with PTS and TTS?
Not hearing conspecifics to mate, not being able to perceive predators
26
What are the 2 types of injury?
Permanent or Temporary Threshold shfits
26
What is TTS?
Ability to perceive sound changes based on experiences you've just had
27
Why does water propagate sound better?
Properties
27
What does low frequency sound travel through?
Deep sound channel
29
Where is noise from shipping most concentrated?
Around ports and shipping lanes
29
What are some impacts of sound?
Death, Injury, Stress, Changes in behaviour, Masking
31
How do naval sonars work?
Beams out sound at different frequencies and determines where other boats are
31
What does PTS mean?
Permanent threshold shift
32
What do particles in sound do?
Oscillate
33
What can affect the propagation of sound?
Temperature, salinity, pH
34
How has sonar being linked to causing death?
Gas bubbles in the liver - rushing up to the surface because of shock
35
What does construction cause in marine mammals?
Temporary displacement from wind farms
36
What does shipping mostly contribute?
5-500Hz
37
What is descriptor 11?
Thresholds about noise in ports not exceeding a certain number of decibels
39
What are MMOs?
Marine mammal observers
40
What is the range that construction should be built away from animals?
100m
41
Which descriptor in MSFD is in relation to noise?
Descriptor 11
42
How is hormone concentration in whales tested?
From poo
44
How doe seismic surveys work?
Sound bounces off sea bed, heard by receivers and processed on a boat
45
How can climate change alter the propagation of sound?
Warmer water, more carbon
46
Where does most noise from shipping come from?
Propeller rotation, flow noise, engine, dynamic positioning
47
What is noise?
Unwanted sound
49
What does TTS mean?
Temporary threshold shift
51
What does shipping cause in right whales?
Stress
53
How much faster does noise travel in water compared to air?
5 times
55
What is sound comprised of?
Longitudinal waves and oscillating particles
56
What is frequency dependent on?
Body size
57
Why is ramping up sound better?
Scares off animals - not physically injur
59
What is masking?
When noise interferes with organism's ability to hear
60
What is sound refracted or compressed by?
Boundaries of the sea
61
What are ATOC?
Acoustic thermometry of oceans climates
62
What are seismic surveys most used by?
Oil industry
63
How is sound used in scientific research?
Play back experiments - how the brain responds to different sounds
65
What are MMOs on?
Naval and seismic vessels
66
What does the wenz curve predict?
Average number of noise inputs into the sea
67
What kind of frequency does a sound with short wavelength have?
High
68
What does Hz mean?
Signal running at one cycle per second

Exploitation of the Sea 2 (3 decks)

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