Marine Invasive Non-Native Species Flashcards
1
Q
Give some key terms and definitions
A
- NIS non-indigenous species
- INNS Invasive non-native species
- ‘Non-indigenous species introduced by human activities’ (Annex 1 of MSFD)
- The term ‘invasive’ denotes an NIS whose population has proliferated and is rapidly extending its range (Occhipinti-Ambrogi & Galil 2004)
- NIS recorded as ‘widespread’ when recorded in 10 or more countries in the ES (Galil et al., 2014)
- Species undergoing climate-shifted population distributions, but no human-assisted spread, are not considered to be NIS
- Cryptogenic species: unknown if native or not (Carlton, 1996)
- (Climate change induced geographic range shifts are not invasive species)
2
Q
What are some impacts marine invasive species?
A
- Decimate invaded populations by competition, displacement, or introduction of parasites/disease
- Impacts biodiversity
- Impacts sustainable exploitation of natural resources
- Impact integrity of physical habitat
- May negatively impact industry
- Pose threat to human health – cholera
- Successful invasive species have a set of foraging or territorial tactics which native species can’t quickly adjust to.
- May bring parasites and predators with it, which native organisms will not be adapted to.
- Largely serves to reduce native diversity
- May interfere with our sustainable exploration of natural resources (Chinese mitten crab is known for destroying river banks.
3
Q
How do we know if a species is invasive?
A
- Baseline of what should be there
- Features or indicators that tells us whether a species is likely to be invasive
- Geographic discontinuity – the species is likely to have arrived recently if there are few individuals found in an area (highly localized) far away from where it is usually occurs.
- If the dispersion rate can’t be described by natural dispersal.
- Association with vector – found in ships hulks
- New light shed on invasive species by looking at their genetic profiles
4
Q
Vectors: pathways of transmission
Ballast Water
A
- Shipping moves more than 80% of the world’s commodities and transfers up to five billion tons of ballast water internationally each year
- Estimated 10,000 species transported globally each day
- Since 1800’s humans have used the approach of uploading ballast into ships
- Seawater contains mero and holo-plankton alongside adult forms
- Abundances varied form ship to ship
- Difficult to ambage or predict how many ships will vary environmentally hazardous species they will carry
- Paper by Carney – assemblages can reproduce and survive within the ballast
5
Q
What are some management strategies?
A
- International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM)
- IMO
- Adopted 2004
- Into force in 2017
- Each vessel must have a Ballast Water Management Plan
- Comply with inspection
- Certification and logbook
- Open Water Exchange protocol
- “whenever possible, conduct ballast water exchange at least 200 nautical miles from the nearest land and in water at least 200 metres in depth, taking into account Guidelines developed by IMO”
- Reception facilities for sediments
6
Q
Treatment Strategies of ballast invasive species
A
Disinfection and biocides:
chlorination, ozonation
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation
Filtration and hydrocyclones
Automatic, self-cleaning filter systems with mesh sizes of about 40 μm are frequently employed, leaving smaller organisms in the water.
Sonication
Heating
Cavitation
(East to miss organisms in large volumes of water)
7
Q
Fouling
A
- fouling communities that develop on ships’ hulls can be responsible for the transport of invasive species
- Adult organisms are able to travel in this way
- They must be tolerant of full salinity (c.35) sea water
- Soft-fouling macro-organisms: e.g. algae and tunicates
- Hard-fouling macro-organisms: e.g. barnacles, serpulid worms
- Secondary space occupants: e.g. worms, crustaceans, pycnogonids
8
Q
Fouling IMO 2011 guidlines
A
- IMO 2011 GUIDELINES FOR THE CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF SHIPS’ BIOFOULING TO MINIMIZE THE TRANSFER OF INVASIVE AQUATIC SPECIES
- Design of ships should optimise reductions in fouling
- Vessels should have a biofouling management plan
- Anti-fouling systems and operational practices
- An anti-fouling system can be:
- a coating system applied to exposed surfaces,
- biofouling resistant materials used for piping and other unpainted components,
- marine growth prevention systems (MGPSs) for sea chests and internal seawater cooling systems,
- Ship operators identify and target niche areas on the ship that may accumulate biofouling
- e.g. propeller thrusters and propulsion units ; sea chests; rudder stock and hinge; stabilizer fin apertures; rope guards, stern tube seals and propeller shafts
- Routine dry docking and removal of foulants
9
Q
IMO convention - explain debalasting in high seas
A
- Debalast and take up new balast water in open ocean (more sterile) – most productivity occurs in inshore water - significantly reduced the chance of carrying neritic communities
- Loop – holes
- Sheer size of water – species may not be flushed
- Species may have dormant stages in sediment in tanks
- Full steaming through heavy storms – ships are excused from debalasting
- Some ships may never enter open waters
10
Q
Why is invasive species a growing problem?
A
Climate change
- Increased culture of organisms
- Increased deployment of man-made structures in marine environment
- Globalisation
- Faster vessels – shorter journeys
- More intensive use of shipping
- Discharge in ports – urbanised, impacted and thus possibly more susceptible to invasion
- Relative importance of climatic, habitat and socio-economic factors in driving large scale occurrence of invasive species (Gallardo 2014)
- We’ve also got to look at socioeconomic factors – how heavily impacted ports are , in industrialised areas native species do less well than invasive species by nature
- Increasingly deploying man-made structures such as wind farms – hard substrate can act as stepping stones (oil rigs)
- Climate change is encouraging and speeding up human supported vector transport of invasive species
11
Q
Invasice species - use sea jellies as an example
A
Mnemiopsis leidyi othher examples on pp
1980s transported to Black Sea from US and S. America
Subsequently into Mediterranean and from 2005 in northern Europe
Tolerates a wide range of temperature, salinity and oxygen concentration
Feeds on fish eggs and larvae
Voracious predator
Massive population explosion in Black Sea (up to 12 kg/m2)
Capable of self-fertilisation
Anchovy fishery crashed
12
Q
Invasive species - Pacific Oyster
A
Crassostrea gigas
- *originates from South-East Asia.
- *has become one of the world’s main aquaculture species
- *annual aquaculture production lies between three and four million tonnes, with China, Korea, Japan, USA and France as the main producers (FAO, 2007)
- *many introduced stocks have established permanent and self-sustaining populations in the wild (Ruesink et al. 2005
- *may compete with local bivalve species for space and food
- *can build aggregates or reefs, which trap sediment and restrict water movement in shallow areas
- *which may have consequences for local biodiversity, leading to changes of the entire littoral ecosystem
13
Q
Invasive species - Chinese mitten crab
A
- Introduced to USA and Europe (1912) from China.
- European introduction via ballast water; USA (1992) possibly deliberate.
- Competes with native molluscs and crustaceans for food and/or eats them.
- Causes habitat destruction by burrowing and interferes with shrimp fishery.
- Poses a human health risk through lung fluke transmission.
- Disrupted integrity of river banks
- Shred fishing nets
14
Q
Invasive species - Shore crab
A
*Introduced to USA as early as 1800s on northern east coast, recently in California.
*Competes with native molluscs and crustaceans for food and/or eats them.
*Impact on oyster culture and local crab fishery.
*Estimated annual damage in US $44 million.
15
Q
Invasive species - The ‘Aquarium’ strain of Caulerpa
A
- Monaco aquarium is one of the World’s oldest; Jacques Cousteau was a director
- Meinesz (1992) first reported its escape into the Mediterranean at Monaco
- spread aided by the fact that few herbivores consume it (Amade & Lemée, 1998).
- and the Coast of the South of France and Adriatic has much organic pollution (Chisholm et al., 1997)
- Other invasive Caulerpa species are lessepsian migrants (Piazzi et al., 1997)
Chucked outbseawetet and associated algae
Word for invasion via sewers canal
