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New Knowledge > March > Flashcards

March Flashcards

1
Q

Utilitarianism author date

A

John Stuart Mill 1863

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2
Q

Hello world author date

A

Hannah Fry 2018

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3
Q

4 types of algorithm

A

Prioritisation
Classification
Association
Filtering

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4
Q

Kadoodle experiment scientists year conclusions

A

Robert Epstein
Ronald Robertson
2015
After a few minutes participants 12% more likely to vote for favoured candidate.
‘The search engine manipulation effect (SEME) and its possible impact on the outcomes of elections’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 112, no. 33, 2015, pp. E4512–21, http://www.pnas.org/content/112/33/E4512.

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5
Q

Linda J. Skitka, Kathleen Mosier and Mark D. Burdick, ‘Accountability and automation bias’, International Journal of Human–Computer Studies, vol. 52, 2000, pp. 701–17, http://lskitka.people.uic.edu/IJHCS2000.pdf.

A

We end up believing that algorithms have superior judgement and we are unaware of our own biases that result.

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6
Q

Russian military officer who avoided nuclear war

A

Staislav Petrov 1983 26 september

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7
Q

Alton towers tragedy

A

2015
2 girls lost legs
Engineers had just fixed a fault. Left test car on track. Algorithm detected a dangerous obstacle and set off alarm, stopping the ride. Engineers overruled.

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8
Q

Algorithm aversion

A

Though we tend to trust algorithms we don’t understand, as soon as they make a mistake we tend to overcriticise them. People are less tolerant of a machine’s mistakes than their own, even when their own mistakes are bigger.

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9
Q

Insurance company used data from supermarket loyalty scheme to discover that people who buy what are less likely to claim on home insurance

A

Fennel. Home cooks are more houseproud and careful.

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10
Q

Peter Thiel data broker company

A

Palantir 2003 $20bn

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11
Q

Sesame credit

A

Chinese scoring system based on internet data. Score between 350-950. Over 600 gets you a special credit card. 750 is a fast tracked visa for Europe. Mandatory in 2020

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12
Q

Elizabeth Fry point about judges and algorithms

A

Algorithms imperfect and currently amplify bias. However judges are biased and manipulable. Algorithms have potential to be more objective and fairer.

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13
Q

An algorithm designed for specificity will have…

A

Few false positives but some false negatives.

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14
Q

An algorithm designed for sensitivity will have…

A

Few false negatives and some false positives.

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15
Q

Competition between algorithms and pathologists

A

CAMELYON16
HUMAN: 96% accurate no false positives.
Neural nets 92% considerable false positive rate.

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16
Q

Nun Alzheimer’s study

A

Over 600 nuns studied Whether a nun developed Alzheimer’s or not easily predictable by the literacy demonstrated in letters written in their early 20s

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17
Q

Kant dates

A

1724-1804 (79)

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18
Q

Kant three formulations of the categorical imperative

A

1 Universal law of nature formula
2 Humanity formula
3 Autonomy formula

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19
Q

Lady Godiva

A

Rode naked through Coventry as part of a bargain with her husband so he would remove the taxation on the city. Phrase peeping tom originates as he looks even though she asked the whole town to stay indoors and shut their curtains.

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20
Q

Marx. Man is…

A

… a creative labourer.

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21
Q

Lisanne Bainbridge 1983 psychologist big idea

A

If you build a machine to improve human performance it will lead to a reduction in human ability

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22
Q

R D Laing study of family

A

Applied game theoretical approach to analyse and quantify the effects of a range of behaviours, concluding that even ostensibly loving actions are tools for exerting control and power over others.

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23
Q

PredPol

A

Algorithm that predicts crime hotspots based on patterns in reported crime.

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24
Q

Study of novelty in films

A

Sameet Sreenivasan 2013 analysis of IMDB tagging. Showed that increased novelty up to 0.8 led to higher success. But after that it was certain failure.

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25
Q

Ways NHS managers met targets during new labour

A

Surgery waiting times - treat quick jobs first like bunyons and long jobs last like cancer.
Waiting time in A&E - hello nurses. Patients count as seen because they have been greeted.
Number of patients on Trolleys -take wheels off
Patients in corridors - renamed them wards

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26
Q

Armand LeRoi evolutionary biologist comments on pop music

A

“there’s an intrinsic boredom threshold in the population. There’s just a tension that builds as people need something new”

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27
Q

Bach AI test

A

1997 University of Oregon. Organised by Douglas Hofstadter. David Cope’s AI (EMI) beat genuine Bach and human impersonation to convince audience it was genuine Bach.

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28
Q

David Cope (EMI creator) on creativity

A

Creativity is just finding an association between two things which ordinarily would not seem related

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29
Q

Cnidarians

A

Nye dair ians

Jellyfish
Anemones
Corals

Do have nervous systems

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30
Q

The Sad Clown

A

Pierrot

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31
Q

Dorsal stream

Ventral stream

A

Dorsal - vision for action guidance

Ventral - vision for categorisation, description, conscious experience.

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32
Q

Blindsight case

A 
DF
David Milner
Melvyn Goodale
1988 carbon monoxide poisoning from water heater 
Ventral and dorsal stream discovery
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33
Q

Global Workspace Theory Philosopher

A

Bernard Baars

Stanislas Dehaene

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34
Q

Vulnerable world hypothesis

A

Nick bostrom 2018
Some scientific discoveries may lead to the fast or immediate destruction of life on earth
Must surveil all action and have benign authority in place to immediately prevent any use of such technology.
E.g. easy nukes and agi?

35
Q

Philosopher who foreshadowed Mandeville’s fable of the bees

A

Erasmus human folly enables all roles in society. E.g. without gossip there would be no need to communicate

36
Q

Panjandrum

A

A person who has or claims to have a great deal of influence or authority

37
Q

Bernard Mandeville human nature development of morals

A

Share with all animals that our moral sense is trained into us by parents and society. Humans differ because we internalise a self image based on how others view us. We are approval seeking animals.

38
Q

Vygotsky language

A

Language essential for complex thought. Enables organised ideas.

39
Q

Scientific word for ageing

A

Senescence

40
Q

Evolutionary rationale for senescence

A

Natural selection rejects mutuations that cause problems early in life before those that cause problems later in life.

It also selects for mutations that have benefits in early life even if they may be detrimental later in life.

41
Q

Coral, anemones, and jellyfish family

A

Cnidarians

42
Q

Name of search engine in SEME 2015 Epstein and Robertson study

A

Kadoodle

43
Q

Word for a person with influence and authority or someone who believes they are

A

Panjandrum

44
Q

Thales
Anaximander
Anaximenes

A

The Milesian School

6 century BC

45
Q

Thales fundamental principle

A

Water

46
Q

Anaximander fundamental principle

A

The unbounded, apeiron

47
Q

Anaximenes fundamental principle

A

Air

48
Q

School founded by Parmenides

A

The Eleatics

49
Q

Parmenides main ideas

A

Only possible to say what is. Change and ex nihilo creation is impossible. All is one, uniform, indivisible.

First rationalist? First idealist?

50
Q

Aristotle four causes

A

Material cause - what thing is made of
Formal cause - structure of the thing
Efficient cause - what made the thing
Final cause - purpose of the thing

51
Q

The first cynic

A

Diogenes of Sinope

52
Q

Cynic etymology and beliefs

A

Greek for Dog

Live in accordance with nature

53
Q

Hellenistic dates and schools

A

31BCE
Cynics
Stoics
Sceptics

54
Q

Well known cynics

A

Diogenes of Sinope
Crates of Thebes
Hipparchia of Maronea. (First female philosopher)

55
Q

First Stoic

A

Zeno of Citium student of Cynic Crates

56
Q

Preferred indifferents

A

Life, death. Reputation, ill repute, pleasure, exertion. Wealth, poverty. Health and sickness. The only good is virtue. Nothing else guarantees a good life. The stoics were indifferent.

57
Q

Founder of Sceptics and date

A

Pyrrho 300BC

58
Q

Carneades show off sceptic

A

Lecture in favour of justice, then against the next day. Equally convincing in both.

59
Q

Agrippa’s trilemma 1CE

A

1 infinite regress of justification
2 dogmatic assertion
3 reason in a circle

60
Q

Atomists

A

Leucippus of Miletus

Democritus

61
Q

Epicurus school date and ideas

A 
The Garden 
3rd century BCE
Death not to be feared
Materialist
Gods not involved (polydeist)
Pleasure to be sought
62
Q

Epicurus arguments against fear of death

A

No subject of harm argument - no one to suffer after death

Symmetry argument - do we anguish about ourselves before birth? No. Death is like that.

63
Q

Ultracrepidarian

A

Uninformed know it all

64
Q

Uninformed know it all

A

Ultracrepidarian

65
Q

Aristotle’s school

A

The Lyceum

66
Q

Augustine dates and location

A

354-430 CE Carthage, Bishop of Hippo

67
Q

Augustine key ideas

A

Humanity born into original sin due to Adam’s disobedience.
No way to work our way out of sin through good deeds.
Can only be redeemed through God’s grace.

68
Q

Famous Neoplatonist

A

Plotinus

69
Q

Plotinus main ideas

A

Heavenly realm is far more perfect than ours.

All being is caused by the one. It emanates from it by necessity and is less perfect.

70
Q

Maimonides greatest work

A

The Guide for the Perplexed

71
Q

Maimonides main ideas

A

God never appeared or experienced directly. Bible is metaphorical here.
Reason more important than biblical text.

72
Q

Avicenna Ibn Dina dates

A

980-1037

73
Q

The Scholastics

A

Aquinas, Bonaventure, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham, Anselm

74
Q

Century Aristotle is rediscovered by the Scholastics

A

12th

75
Q

Anselm most famous contribution

A

Ontological argument

76
Q

Anselm dates

A

1033-1109

77
Q

Aquinas dates

A

1225-1274

78
Q

Erasmus full name and dates

A

Desiderius Erasmus (c.1466–1536)

79
Q

Machiavelli dates

A

1469-1525

80
Q

Machiavelli key ideas

A

A virtuous leader may not be a good leader.

Led to separation of moral philosophy and political philosophy

81
Q

Bacon main ideas

A

Knowledge is power - not to be sought for its own sake, but for the benefit of humanity
The four false idols - tribe, cave, marketplace, theatre
Eliminative induction

82
Q

Bacon four idols

A

Fallacies
Idols of the tribe - common to all e.g. confirmation bias
Idols of the cave - unique to individual. e.g. preference for novelty or tradition.
Idols of the marketplace - mistakes due to language
Idols of the theatre - mistakes due to philosophical tradition

83
Q

Trial of Galileo

A

1633

84
Q

Scientific Revolution key dates

A

1522 Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigates the globe
1543 Nicolaus Copernicus publishes On the Revolutions of the Celestial Orbs
1609 Galileo Galilei builds his first telescope
1619 Kepler publishes Harmonies of the World
1620 Francis Bacon publishes Novum Organum
1632 Galileo’s Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems is published
1637 René Descartes’ Discourse on Method is published
1666 Robert Boyle publishes Origines of Formes and Qualities
1687 Isaac Newton publishes Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
1704 Newton publishes Opticks
1727 Newton dies

New Knowledge (12 decks)

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