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DPT732: MAP II > MAPIISG1 - Circulation > Flashcards

MAPIISG1 - Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 purposes of circulation?

A

Transport

  1. Nutrients and O2 to Tissues
  2. Waste and CO2 away from Tissues
  3. Hormones from one area of body to another
  4. Heat throughout the body
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2
Q

What is the primary driver of circulation?

A

primarily influenced by tissue needs

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3
Q

What are the primary control mechanisms of circulation

A

vasodialiation and vasoconstriction

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4
Q

What effect does local tissue flow have on arterial pressure? Cardiac output?

A

arterial pressure is generally controlled independently of these

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5
Q

What are key factors of principles affecting the flow of liquids through vessels (fluid dynamics? (4)

A
  1. Blood Flow
  2. Pressure
  3. Resistance
  4. Control mechanisms mediating these characteristics
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6
Q

exchange site for nutrients, waste, electrolytes, fluid, etc

a. Arteries
b. Arterioles
c. Capillaries
d. Venules
e. Veins

A

c. Capillaries

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7
Q

collect blood from capillaries

a. Arteries
b. Arterioles
c. Capillaries
d. Venules
e. Veins

A

d. Venules

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8
Q

transport blood from tissues to heart

a. Arteries
b. Arterioles
c. Capillaries
d. Venules
e. Veins

A

e. Veins

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9
Q

strong vascular walls

a. Arteries
b. Arterioles
c. Capillaries
d. Venules
e. Veins

A

a. Arteries

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10
Q

blood flow is rapid

a. Arteries
b. Arterioles
c. Capillaries
d. Venules
e. Veins

A

a. Arteries

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11
Q

Final small branch of arteriole system

a. Arteries
b. Arterioles
c. Capillaries
d. Venules
e. Veins

A

b. Arterioles

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12
Q

Low pressure, thin walled

a. Arteries
b. Arterioles
c. Capillaries
d. Venules
e. Veins

A

e. Veins

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13
Q

Major function: serve as blood reservoir (64% of total blood volume)

a. Arteries
b. Arterioles
c. Capillaries
d. Venules
e. Veins

A

e. Veins

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14
Q

gradually merge into larger veins

a. Arteries
b. Arterioles
c. Capillaries
d. Venules
e. Veins

A

d. Venules

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15
Q

walls - VERY thin (unicellular layer of endothial cells)

a. Arteries
b. Arterioles
c. Capillaries
d. Venules
e. Veins

A

c. Capillaries

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16
Q

Act as control conduits - blood released into capillaries

a. Arteries
b. Arterioles
c. Capillaries
d. Venules
e. Veins

A

b. Arterioles

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17
Q

Innervated by SNS only

a. Arteries
b. Arterioles
c. Capillaries
d. Venules
e. Veins

A

b. Arterioles

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18
Q

muscular enough to can constrict/dialate

a. Arteries
b. Arterioles
c. Capillaries
d. Venules
e. Veins

A

e. Veins

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19
Q

contain small capillary pores

a. Arteries
b. Arterioles
c. Capillaries
d. Venules
e. Veins

A

c. Capillaries

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20
Q

Strong muscular walls that vasoconstrict/dialate

a. Arteries
b. Arterioles
c. Capillaries
d. Venules
e. Veins

A

b. Arterioles

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21
Q

Permeable to small molecular substances, H2O

a. Arteries
b. Arterioles
c. Capillaries
d. Venules
e. Veins

A

c. Capillaries

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22
Q

Transport blood under high pressure

a. Arteries
b. Arterioles
c. Capillaries
d. Venules
e. Veins

A

a. Arteries

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23
Q

Holds 64% of blood

a. Arteries
b. Capillaries
c. Veins
d. Total Pulmonary
e. Total Heart

A

c. Veins

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24
Q

Holds 15% of blood

a. Arteries
b. Capillaries
c. Veins
d. Total Pulmonary
e. Total Heart

A

a. Arteries

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25
Q

Holds 5% of blood

a. Arteries
b. Capillaries
c. Veins
d. Total Pulmonary
e. Total Heart

A

b. Capillaries

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26
Q

Holds 7% of blood

a. Arteries
b. Capillaries
c. Veins
d. Total Pulmonary
e. Total Heart

A

e. Total Heart

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27
Q

Holds 9% of blood

A

d. Total Pulmonary

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28
Q

Define blood flow

A

the volume of blood flowing through a vessel, an organ, or the entire circulation in a given period (ml/min)

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29
Q

Define blood pressure

A

the force per unit area exerted on a vessel wall by the contained blood (mmHg)

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30
Q

Define resistance

A

opposition to flow; amount of friction blood meets when passes through the vessels

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31
Q

Blood Flow is affected by what 2 factors?

A
  1. Pressure Gradient

2. Vascular Resistance

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32
Q

What does Ohm’s Law tell us?

A

Calculation of blood flow through a vessel

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33
Q

In Ohm’s Law F=delta P / R what is delta P?

A

change in blood pressure between 2 ends of vessel

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34
Q

In Ohm’s Law F=delta P / R what is R?

A

Resistance

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35
Q

What is normal adult overall blood flow?

A

~5,000 ml/min = cardiac output

36
Q

What are the two descriptors of blood flow?

A

Laminar and Turbulant

37
Q

Describe Laminar Flow

A

streamline: velocity of flow in center is > outer edges = parabolic profile

38
Q

Describe Turbulent Flow

A

blood flows crosswise in vessel forming whorls or eddy currents

39
Q

In Poiseuille’s Law F = (pie deltaP r^4) / 8nl what is deltaP?

A

Pressure difference

40
Q

In Poiseuille’s Law F = (pie deltaP r^4) / 8nl what is r^4

A

Radius ^4

41
Q

In Poiseuille’s Law F = (pie deltaP r^4) / 8nl what is n?

A

viscosity

42
Q

In Poiseuille’s Law F = (pie deltaP r^4) / 8nl what is l?

A

length

43
Q

What does Poissuilles’ Law tell us?

A

measure of blood flow through a vessel for a given pressure difference

44
Q

What is the reciprocal of resistance?

A

Conductance

45
Q

Poissuile’s Law tells us that a small change in vessel diameter causes ___

A

enormous change in conductance

46
Q

Why does Poissuile’s Law tells us that a small change in vessel diameter causes an enormous change in conductance?

A

Conductance of a vessel increase in proportion to the 4th power of diameter.

47
Q

What plays the greatest role in resistance to flow for systemic circulation?

A

2/3 of resistance to flow is arteriole resistance

48
Q

What influence can strong muscular walls of arterioles have on diameter?

A

can change diameter up to fourfold

49
Q

What influence can strong muscular walls of arterioles have on blood flow?

A

fourfold increase in diameter can increase blood flow up to 256-fold

50
Q

Viscosity has an inverse relationship to ___

A

blood flow

51
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

% of blood that consists of cells

52
Q

What is average Hematocrit?

A

40

53
Q

Do men or women have a higher hematocrit?

A

men ~ 42

women ~ 38

54
Q

Why is Polycythemia?

A

elevated hematocrit

55
Q

What is the Theory of Circulatory Function?

A

NEEDS OF TISSUE tightly controls blood flow; small tissue-specific vessels dilate or constrict locally to control flow in addition to change in cardiac output

(cardiac output primarily controlled by sum of all local tissues. in general, arterial pressure is controlled independently of local blood flow or cardiac output)

56
Q

What is Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?

A

Pressure that propels blood to tissues

57
Q

What is the equation for Mean Arterial Pressure?

A

MAP = DP + 1/3(PP)

58
Q

What is the equation for pulse pressure?

A

SP - DP

59
Q

What happens to MAP with increasing distance from the heart? PP?

A

Both MAP and PP decrease

60
Q

What is the equation for Mean Pressure?

A

Mean Pressure = (SP + DP) / 2

61
Q

What is Mean Pressure at the Vena Cavae?

A

~0mmHg

62
Q

What is the Mean Pressure at Capillaries?

A

~17mmHg

63
Q

What is the Mean Pressure in Pulmonary Circulation

A

~16mmHg

64
Q

What effect does pressure have on blood flow?

A

increases force on blood flowing through vessels

65
Q

What are the effects of vessel distension?

A

veins > arteries –> provide resevoir function for storing large quantities of extra blood

66
Q

Compliance = ____

A

Capacitance

67
Q

Compliance = Capacitance = total ___

A

total quantity of blood that can be stored in a given portion of the circulation for each mmHg pressure rise

68
Q

Central Venous Pressure = ___

A

Right atrial pressure ~0mmHg

69
Q

What 5 places serve as blood reservoirs?

A
  1. Veins
  2. Spleen
  3. Liver
  4. Heart
  5. Lungs
70
Q

What are the two phases of local blood control?

A
  1. Acute

2. Long Term

71
Q

Describe the Acute Phase of local blood control

A

Fast adjustment of arterioles, metarterioles, and precapillary sphincters (i.e. small vessels)

72
Q

Describe Long-Term Phase of local blood control

A

Adjustment over days/weeks/months to control blood flow to tissue

73
Q

What are the 2 Theoretical Perspectives of local blood flow regulation?

A
  1. Vasodilator Theory

2. O2 Lack Theory

74
Q

Describe the Vasodialator Theory

A

Vasodialor substance released form local tissue

75
Q

What are 6 substances that vasodialiate?

A
  1. Adenosine
  2. CO2
  3. Adenosine Phosphate Compounds
  4. Histamine
  5. Potassium Ions
  6. H+
76
Q

Describe the O2 Lack Theory

A

absence of O2, and maybe other substances, casue precapillary and metarteriole sphincters to relax and dialate

77
Q

Describe dialating “upstream” arteries

A

Larger arteries “upstream” from local tissue control respond to effects of “downstream regulation”

-Drag on “upstream” endothelium of vessel walls by rapid increased flow allows release of substance that can vasodialate the “upstream” vessels

78
Q

What is released do vasodilate upstream vessels in response to an increase in blood flow?

A

Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) made primarily of nitric oxide (NO)

79
Q

What is Reactive Hyperemia?

A

is the transient increase in organ blood flow that occurs following a brief period of ischemia

80
Q

What is Active Hyperemia?

A

is the increase in organ blood flow (hyperemia) that is associated with increased metabolic activity of an organ or tissue (exercise and skeletal muscle)

81
Q

Define autoregulation of blood flow

A

after increase in blood flow to a tissue due to increase in arterial pressure, blood flow returns to near normal levels

82
Q

What are the two theories of autoregulation of blood?

A
  1. Metabolic

2. Myogenic

83
Q

Metabolic and myogenic?

A

dunno

84
Q

Humoral Control

4 Vasocontrictors

A
  1. Norepinephrine/Epinephrine
  2. Angiotension II
  3. Vasopressin
  4. Endothelin
85
Q

Humoral Control

2 Vasodilators

A
  1. Bradykinin

2. Histamine

DPT732: MAP II (14 decks)

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