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1China > MAO Social and Cultural Changes > Flashcards

MAO Social and Cultural Changes Flashcards

1
Q

What had first brought women more rights?

A

1911 Revolution

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2
Q

What promised the abolition of restrictions affecting women?

A

Clause 6 of the Communist Common Program of 1949

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3
Q

When was foot binding officially outlawed?

A

1911

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4
Q

Where had the Communists experimented with new marriage laws in the 1930s?

A

Jiangxi; Yanan

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5
Q

What was one of the first social changes the Communists introduced?

A

1950 Marriage Law

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6
Q

When was a second propaganda campaign launched to aid the 1950 Marriage Law?

A

1953

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7
Q

Why did the land redistribution campaign aid the advancement of women’s rights?

A

Gave women the chance to own land in their own name for the first time

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8
Q

When did women’s vulnerability increase?

A

1958-62

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9
Q

When did the family unit come under renewed attack?

A

During the Cultural Revolution

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10
Q

How many teenagers were uprooted between 1968-72?

A

12 million

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11
Q

How did the population grow under Mao’s rule?

A

From 540 million to 940 million

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12
Q

When were contraceptives made widely available?

A

1962

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13
Q

Who did Mao use to encourage women to restrict the number of children they had?

A

Female cadres in the Women’s Federation

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14
Q

When did Mao finally clarify his stance on population policy?

A

1971

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15
Q

In the first year after the Marriage Law was passed, how many women used the new divorce system?

A

Over a million

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16
Q

How did the proportion of women in the overall workforce change between 1949-76?

A

Quadrupled from 8% to 32%

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17
Q

In which areas of China had women rarely worked in the fields before the Great Leap Forward?

A

Northern areas

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18
Q

Model female worker

A

Deng Yulan in Jehol province

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19
Q

Wang Jinxi

A

‘Iron Man’ Wang Jinxi was feted for breaking China’s dependence on oil imports

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20
Q

People’s Daily

A

Acted as the mouthpiece of the Communist Party

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21
Q

By when was a national system of primary education set up with successful results?

A

Mid-1950s

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22
Q

How did the national literacy rate change between 1949-1976?

A

Rose from 20% in 1949 to 50% in 1960, and stood at 64% in 1964- by 1976, it had only risen to 70%

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23
Q

How much of the total budget went on culture and education in 1952?

A

Only 6.4%

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24
Q

When did China split away from Russia?

A

1959

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25
Q

Pinyin

A

Modernised form of phonetic Mandarin, the language of most of China

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26
Q

When was Pinyin officially adopted to assist the spread of literacy?

A

1956

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27
Q

Why did Mandarin present a problem in assisting the spread of literacy?

A

Its pronunciation varied widely from region to region; it had no alphabet

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28
Q

When did schemes aiming to introduce a standardised language system become a reality?

A

When Zhou Yougang was asked to oversee its introduction by the Education Ministry

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29
Q

For which period were schools and universities closed?

A

1966-70

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30
Q

How many young people’s education simply stopped between 1966-70?

A

130 million

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31
Q

What was a key part of Zhou’s Four Modernisations?

A

Rebuilding confidence in the education system

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32
Q

Barefoot doctors

A

During the Cultural Revolution, one million medical trainees were sent to provide rudimentary medical help to the rural peasantry

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33
Q

What sort of training did the barefoot doctors undertake before they were dispatched to provide free basic health care?

A

6 months of intensive study, with emphasis on practical skills

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34
Q

What did barefoot doctors promote?

A

Simple hygiene; preventative health care; family planning

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35
Q

What was a chronic feature of rural China?

A

Endemic diseases (notably cholera, typhoid, dysentry, malaria and scarlet fever); high mortality rates

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36
Q

Why was the barefoot doctors campaign enforced for ideological reasons?

A

Exposure to peasant conditions would prevent young medical intellectuals from slipping into a bourgeois mindset

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37
Q

What helped the barefoot doctors win local confidence more readily?

A

Spent half their time working in agriculture, alongside the people they were looking after

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38
Q

Who paid the wages of the barefoot doctors?

A

Local village government

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39
Q

When did the government introduce ‘patriotic health movements’?

A

1952

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40
Q

Patriotic health movements

A

Propaganda drives led by teams of Party workers who explained the importance of hygiene to the peasantry

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41
Q

What was exaggerated partly to get the first of the patriotic health movements off the ground?

A

Germ welfare scare during the Korean War

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42
Q

Who endorsed health schemes similar to the barefoot doctors elsewhere in the world?

A

World Health Organisation

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43
Q

What stated that there would be freedom of religion in the PRC?

A

Article 5 of the Common Program

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44
Q

What did communists view religion as?

A

Device used by the bourgeoisie to give false hope of a better future to the masses

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45
Q

When it came to religion, who was Mao particularly critical of?

A

Christian missionaries in China

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46
Q

What was the official view of religion?

A

Since the workers had thrown off their oppressors, there was no longer any need for religion to exist

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47
Q

How did the CCP originally deal with religion?

A

Set up national religious associations for each of the main religions, following the Soviet model

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48
Q

What social improvement did the communists have high hopes of, which wasn’t explicitly promised in the Common Program?

A

Extending health care to everyone

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49
Q

What was the human waste used as fertiliser in the fields also called?

A

‘Night soil’

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50
Q

What was one of the successes of the ‘patriotic health movements’?

A

Reducing the death rate from waterborne diseases

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51
Q

Which insect was there also a concentrated health campaign about?

A

Snails that spread schistosomiasis

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52
Q

What is schistosomiasis?

A

Serious abdominal infection

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53
Q

What provided a useful ploy in stimulating participation in the ‘four pests’ campaign during the GLP?

A

Invoking a spirit of competition

54
Q

Who had the best access to hospital treatment?

A

Urban workers in large industrial enterprises or SOEs

55
Q

How was most medical care administered in rural areas?

A

County hospitals staffed by trained doctors; outpatient care provided by village health centres

56
Q

What is the evidence that there were significant improvements in health under Mao?

A

Life expectancy rose from 41 in 1950 to 62 by 1970; infant mortality rates fell

57
Q

What did Mao think that the writers, artists and musicians whose work helped to shape culture should be?

A

Ordinary people- their work should reflect ordinary people’s concerns

58
Q

What were clear reminders to the residents of Beijing of the political purpose behind cultural change?

A

Creation of the Ten Great Buildings; remodelling of Tiananmen Square in time for the 10th anniversary of the Communist accession to power

59
Q

What were the changes made to Tiananmen Square in the space of less than a year?

A

Levelled and extended to accommodate over 500,000 people

60
Q

What was the remodelled Tiananmen Square made deliberately bigger than?

A

Red Square in Moscow

61
Q

What was built to accommodate the National People’s Congress?

A

Great Hall of the People

62
Q

When were the Ten Great Buildings rapidly constructed?

A

1958-59

63
Q

What was one of the new Ten Great Buildings?

A

Beijing’s new railway station

64
Q

Since when had Confucian values been regarded as the main obstacle to progress?

A

May 1919

65
Q

What first dealt a major blow to traditional Chinese values?

A

Land Reform of 1950

66
Q

What provided the government with the ideal opportunity to put a stop to the social customs and rituals to which the peasants were accustomed?

A

Collectives, and then their communes

67
Q

What did peasants in the collectives/communes find themselves attending in their leisure time?

A

Political meetings where the new values were reinforced; watching shows and propaganda films put on by agit-prop touring groups

68
Q

What were examples of Jiang Qing being inconsistent when it came to her culture policies?

A

Most Western cultural influences were banned because of their bourgeois origins, but piano music and oil paintings were allowed because they suited her personal taste

69
Q

What was the main result of Jiang’s control?

A

Creativity stifled completely

70
Q

What was the only form of theatrical entertainment available and commissioned by Jiang Qing?

A

A set of 8 opera ballets

71
Q

Who was less than complimentary about the new theatre arrangement, arguing that the people wanted entertainment and variety, not battlefield scenes?

A

Deng Xiaoping

72
Q

What were the main offerings of cinemas between 1966-73?

A

Feature films made from many of the 8 model works

73
Q

Who had been trained by the Party to produce wall paintings promoting the GLP?

A

Peasant women in Huxian, in Shaanxi province

74
Q

How many novels were published during the Cultural Revolution?

A

124

75
Q

What were the main faiths practised in China pre-CCP?

A

Buddhism; Confucianism; Christianity; Islam; ancestor worship

76
Q

How long had Buddhism been practised in China for?

A

Well over 1,000 years

77
Q

Where did most of China’s Buddhists live?

A

Tibet

78
Q

Why did Buddhism come under such an intense attack?

A

Strategic rather than ideological reasons

79
Q

In purely ideological reasons, how did Buddhism share some common ground with communism?

A

Both were atheistic; both deplored possession of material goods

80
Q

Why did the Buddhist outlook clash with that of the communist leadership?

A

Its contemplative nature made its adherents potentially more difficult to mobilise in mass activity; its pacifism

81
Q

What was the Tibetan form of Buddhism?

A

Lamaism

82
Q

What did part of destroying Tibetan identity involve?

A

Banning Lamaism from being practised in public; replacing the Tibetan language with Mandarin

83
Q

When was there a mass uprising against Chinese rule in Tibet?

A

1959

84
Q

Who was particularly targeted in the PLA’s attempt to quell the 1959 Tibet uprising?

A

Buddhists

85
Q

If Buddhist monasteries wanted to remain open after the Tibet uprising, what did they have to do?

A

Come under the control of the Chinese Buddhist Association

86
Q

Where did the Dalai Lama flee to after the Tibet uprising?

A

Northen India

87
Q

How many Tibetan monasteries were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution?

A

6,000

88
Q

How long had Confucian ideas dominated Chinese philosophy for?

A

2,500 years

89
Q

What was the Confucian approach to life?

A

To make society as harmonious as possible by showing respect for legitimate authority

90
Q

Since the early 20th century, who had Confucianism come under attack from?

A

Intellectuals, who blamed it for China’s weaknesses

91
Q

Why is Confucianism not technically classed as a religion?

A

No god, church or clergy; no concern with the afterlife

92
Q

What did communist propaganda denounce Confucianism as representing?

A

All that was bad with China’s past

93
Q

When had Christianity established a foothold in China?

A

By the 19th century

94
Q

After 1949, what quickly drove most Protestant missionaries out of the country?

A

Fear of arrest; accusations of espionage

95
Q

What put Catholic missionaries in a difficult position in China after 1949, compared to the Protestant missionaries?

A

Pope’s insistence that they stay

96
Q

What did the Communists create to make themselves appear tolerant when it came to Christianity?

A

Patriotic Churches

97
Q

Patriotic Churches

A

Such churches lost all independence, the state having the right to appoint the clergy and dictate doctrine

98
Q

What did the Protestant Church come under the authority of?

A

Three Self Patriotic Movement in 1953

99
Q

When did some Catholics reluctantly follow the Protestant’s surrender in 1953?

A

1957

100
Q

Which were the provinces in which most Chinese Muslims lived?

A

North-western provinces of Xinjiang, Gansu and Qinghai

101
Q

Who was Xinjiang home to?

A

Uighur, Kazakh, Hui and Kirghiz peoples, all of whom resented Chinese rule

102
Q

What is the core belief of ancestor worship?

A

There is a reciprocal relationship between the living and the dead

103
Q

What does ancestor worship overlap heavily with?

A

Confucianism

104
Q

What did the Communists do to ancestor worship in public?

A

Condemned it as a superstition that was no longer acceptable in the new China, as it focused on the past

105
Q

What was Mao’s opinion on population policy?

A

Birth rate should be reduced to 2%

106
Q

Why was Mao particularly critical of Christian missionaries in China?

A

They were a reminder of the West’s attempts to colonise China in the 19th century

107
Q

How did the patriotic health movements reduce the number of deaths from waterborne diseases?

A

Encouraged the digging of deeper wells for obtaining drinking water; promoted more careful disposal of waste in pits away from homes

108
Q

What did the opera ballets commissioned by Jiang Qing contain?

A

Triumph of heroic workers over their class oppressors

109
Q

Why were the Communists so focused on destroying the family as a social unit?

A

Family relations embodied Confucian values; existence of family encouraged a bourgeoisie mindset

110
Q

Why were the impacts of social reforms for women limited?

A

Merely passing laws is not enough to alter deeply ingrained attitudes

111
Q

How was the PLA instructed to treat women?

A

With respect

112
Q

When was the 1950 Marriage Law drafted?

A

During the civil war

113
Q

How was the 1950 Marriage law effectively imposed?

A

With a huge propaganda campaign; through posters and leaflets

114
Q

Why were the gains of women from the land redistribution campaign of 1950 short-lived?

A

Due to the compulsory collectivisation scheme a few years later

115
Q

Why were the communes theoretically supposed to be beneficial for women?

A

They would provide canteens, laundries and kindergartens to free women from domestic chores

116
Q

Why were women in agriculture put at a serious advantage compared to men?

A

Typically, they earned fewer work points than men because of the nature of agricultural work

117
Q

What is an example of the divorce rate rising over the famine years?

A

Rose by 60% in Gansu province

118
Q

How did the communes aim to destroy traditional family life?

A

By reducing women’s roles as mothers and family raisers

119
Q

Who were the main victims of the 1958-62 famine?

A

Very young; very old

120
Q

Which period of Mao’s China worsened the position of women?

A

Cultural Revolution

121
Q

What did the growth in numbers of working women owe much to?

A

Expansion of industry and the services sector in the 1FYP

122
Q

When were some of the prejudices about women doing farm work weakened?

A

When they stepped in to the fill labour shortages caused by the mass mobilisation of men on construction projects

123
Q

Why did Mao strive for a more educated society?

A

Economic progress depended on China producing its own technical specialists; communist ideas could be spread more quickly among literate people

124
Q

Why did Mao believe that the health of China need to improve?

A

A healthy workforce would be more productive; successful health policy would provide major propaganda opportunities

125
Q

How many children aged 7-16 were in full-time education by 1956?

A

Less than 1/2

126
Q

What was education like after the CR?

A

Greater emphasis on practical and vocational training; fewer exams to be taken

127
Q

What were the wages of the barefoot doctors like?

A

Roughly 1/2 of those of a traditionally trained urban doctor

128
Q

How many villages were involved in the barefoot doctors scheme by 1976?

A

90%

129
Q

What can the ‘patriotic health movements’ be seen as?

A

Mass mobilisation

130
Q

What were many Buddhist monasteries turned into?

A

Army barrracks; adminastrative buildings

131
Q

Why did the government respond so harshly to the outpouring of grief at Zhou Enlai’s death?

A

It seemed like a revival of ancestor worship

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