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1China > MAO Industry > Flashcards

MAO Industry Flashcards

1
Q

What was always Mao’s overriding aim for the economy?

A

Modernise country through urbanisation and industrialisation

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2
Q

What had Mao made his overriding aim for China’s economy clear in?

A

Common Program

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3
Q

Why did Mao not launch his FYPs straight away?

A

Economy had to be stabilised first

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4
Q

What was the annual inflation rate in China when Mao inherited it?

A

1,000%

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5
Q

What had the annual inflation rate been cut to by 1951?

A

A manageable 15%

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6
Q

What was the old Chinese dollar replaced with to combat inflation?

A

Yuan

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7
Q

What was Mao’s 1FYP based on?

A

Soviet model

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8
Q

How was Mao’s task of introducing a centrally planned economy made easier?

A

There had been some degree of state involvement in Chinese industry since imperial times; accelerated under Chiang

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9
Q

What had Chiang established to control industrial investment and encourage urban migration?

A

National Resources Committee (NRC)

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10
Q

What was a vital part of the Sino-Soviet Treaty of 1950?

A

Arrangement for Soviet advisers to come to China and teach them how to run a Communist state

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11
Q

How many Soviet civilian technicians were brought to China as a result of the 1950 Sino-Soviet Treaty?

A

Over 10,000

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12
Q

How did Russian ideas penetrate education as a result of the Sino-Soviet Treaty of 1950?

A

Russian was the only foreign language taught in schools

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13
Q

As a result of the Sino-Soviet Treaty of 1950, what became the main source from which the Chinese newspapers gathered their information?

A

TASS- official Soviet news agency

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14
Q

How did the early influence of the Soviet Union on Chinese cities become clear to see?

A

Classical Chinese buildings were replaced with ‘Soviet brutalist’ style

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15
Q

Why were the Soviet experts that came to China because of the Sino-Soviet treaty of 1950 a burden?

A

Their high salaries were paid by the Chinese; housed, at China’s expense, in closely guarded compounds outside main cities

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16
Q

What was the overall aim of the 1FYP?

A

Make PRC as self-sufficient in food and manufactured goods as possible to protect it from a potentially hostile capitalist world

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17
Q

When were the principles of the 1FYP in place by?

A

1952

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18
Q

How would the targets of the 1FYP be set?

A

From above by economic planners, rather than in response to consumer demand

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19
Q

What were the priorities of the 1FYP to be?

A

Heavy industry

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20
Q

What was added to the targets of the 1FYP for propaganda value?

A

Spectacular public works projects, like new bridges across the Yangtze at Nanjing

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21
Q

Where were the basic ideas of the 1FYP given a dry-run before being applied to the whole nation?

A

Manchuria

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22
Q

What was one of the reasons that the 1FYP placed less emphasis on consumer goods?

A

Hoped that people would be more willing to invest in patriotic savings schemes, if there were few consumer goods to tempt them

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23
Q

What did the government plan to do with money put it patriotic savings schemes?

A

Direct it into industrial investment

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24
Q

How did the government hope to keep industrial workers’ wages low under the 1FYP?

A

By forcing the collective farms to sell food at low prices to the government

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25
Q

Which industries were nationalised initially?

A

Those belonging to foreigners; those in banking, gas, electricity and transport sectors of economy

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26
Q

When were industries first nationalised?

A

1949

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27
Q

When was private ownership brought to an end completely?

A

1956

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28
Q

What allowed Mao to bring private ownership in China to a complete end?

A

Fear generated by the ‘five antis’ campaign

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29
Q

How did Mao plan to finance the 1FYP?

A

Food requsitioning from APCs; patriotic savings schemes; higher taxation in cities; loans from USSR

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30
Q

What was the annual growth rate under the 1FYP?

A

9%

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31
Q

How did China’s urban population change as a result of the 1FYP?

A

57 million in 1949 to 100 million by 1957

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32
Q

What were the successes of the 1FYP in terms of urban living standards?

A

Improved wages and job security

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33
Q

What was the improvement of urban living standards under the 1FYP at the expense of?

A

Freedom to change jobs or travel

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34
Q

What suggests that most sectors of the economy reached their targets under the 1FYP?

A

Official statistics

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35
Q

What did the emphasis on reaching targets under the 1FYP do?

A

Quantity over quality

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36
Q

What were the drawbacks of Soviet guidance under the 1FYP?

A

Exposed shortcomings in the skill and literacy levels of Chinese workers

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37
Q

How many Chinese children under 16 were in full-time education by the time the 1FYP ended?

A

Less than 1/2

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38
Q

What restricted the success of the 1FYP from a managerial level?

A

Experts had been driven out by the ‘anti’ campaigns of 1951-52

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39
Q

Before the ending of private ownership, what problem did the state have?

A

Competition for resources between private and state-owned enterprises (SOEs)

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40
Q

Where was the 1FYP mostly unsuccessful?

A

Countryside

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41
Q

Why were the rural Chinese in the communes going short on food under the 1FYP?

A

It was exported to Russia to pay for Soviet advice and sold cheaply to cities to feed urban workers

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42
Q

When was the 1FYP?

A

1952-56

43
Q

When was the 2FYP?

A

1958-62

44
Q

What did the 2FYP form part of?

A

Great Leap Forward

45
Q

When was the Great Leap Forward announced?

A

Eighth CCP Congress in May 1958

46
Q

Why did Mao launch the GLF?

A

Impatient with the relatively slow pace of economic progress made so far

47
Q

Why was the 2FYP not a ‘plan’ in the strict sense of the word?

A

Responsibility for economic planning was moved from the state to the Party

48
Q

When was economic planning moved from the state to the Party?

A

February 1958

49
Q

What encouraged Mao to increase the demands on industry with the 2FYP?

A

Speed at which farming had been collectivised; encouraging early signs of new People’s Communes

50
Q

Which Party conservatives advocated a ‘carrot’ approach to industry with the 2FYP?

A

Zhou Enlai; Chen Yun

51
Q

How many Party members were peasants at the time of the launching of the 2FYP?

A

70%

52
Q

Why would it be wrong to see the launch of the GLF as purely the result of rational economic logic?

A

Arguments about the best way forward had not yet been won

53
Q

When had there been an impressive burst of activity on water conservancy schemes?

A

Winter of 1957-58

54
Q

How well had Mao’s provincial tour of 1958 gone?

A

Enthusiastically received

55
Q

How did the 2FYP satisfy Mao’s ideological preferences?

A

Relied on mass peasant mobilisation; greater degree of decentralisation

56
Q

What was the biggest difference between the 1FYP and the 2FYP?

A

Move to decentralise economic activity; consolidation of earlier move towards state ownership of businesses

57
Q

Why did Mao believe that decentralisation was important in the 2FYP?

A

Would give more power to local Party officials to harness the energies of the masses; Mao convinced that if state bureaucrats continued to control planning, it would hold back pace of change

58
Q

What was the chief method by which industry was to ‘leap forward’ under the 2FYP?

A

Production of as much steel as possible

59
Q

What was the steel target for 1958 increased to at the Party Congress in May?

A

Raised from 6 to 8 million tonnes

60
Q

Why did Mao launch the backyard furnaces campaign?

A

It became evident that steel targets could not be met by the conventional steel plants

61
Q

What was the target for steel increased to in September 1958?

A

10.7 million tonnes

62
Q

How many peasants had been involved with the water conservancy campaign of winter 1957-58?

A

100 million

63
Q

How much of China’s steel came from local furnaces by September 1958?

A

14%

64
Q

At the peak of the backyard furnaces campaign, how much of the population had abandoned their normal activities to take part?

A

1/4

65
Q

How much of China’s steel came from local furnaces by October 1958?

A

49%

66
Q

How did the backyard furnaces campaign interrupt normality for the Chinese people?

A

Put unsustainable strain on food production; closed schools; deployed peasant shock brigades

67
Q

When did it become apparent to the Party leadership that the backyard furnaces campaign was unsuccessful?

A

Spring 1959

68
Q

How did the backyard furnaces campaign impact negatively on the environment?

A

Led to destruction of woodland for fuel; faster soil erosion and worse flooding; increased need for water conservancy schemes

69
Q

Why was the system of SOEs inefficient?

A

Removed incentives

70
Q

What was positive for workers about the system of SOEs?

A

Guaranteed jobs and wages; certain medical and educational benefits

71
Q

What was the most ambitious (and unsuccessful) water conservancy scheme?

A

Three Gate Gorge Dam

72
Q

In many areas, what did the disruption of existing drainage patterns lead to?

A

Salinisation- reduced productivity of land

73
Q

What were the successes of the 2FYP?

A

Some increases in output of raw materials; construction of Tiananmen Square; 1964 development of nuclear weapons

74
Q

How did the 2FYP fail alarmingly?

A

In terms of producing manufactured goods; quality control

75
Q

How did production of manufactured goods change under the 2FYP?

A

1/4 less

76
Q

What lay at the heart of the failure of the 2FYP?

A

Lack of clear planning

77
Q

When was the Lushan Conference?

A

July 1959

78
Q

Why did Mao call the Lushan Conference?

A

To assess progress of GLP

79
Q

What shows that Mao was expecting trouble at the Lushan Conference?

A

Brought Jiang Qing

80
Q

Who stood up to Mao at the Lushan Conference?

A

Peng Dehuai

81
Q

What effect did the Lushan Conference have on the economy?

A

Meant GLP would continue swiftly

82
Q

What was a sign that Mao had been planning on moderating aspects of the 2FYP before the Lushan Conference?

A

Reining in the development of backyard furnaces

83
Q

What impact did the Lushan Conference have politically?

A

It became clear that the only person who could criticise Mao was Mao himself

84
Q

When was the 3FYP?

A

1962-65

85
Q

When did the retreat from the GLP begin?

A

1960

86
Q

When did the retreat from the GLP hasten?

A

1962

87
Q

Who orchestrated the move away from the GLP?

A

Liu Shaoqi; Deng Xiaoping

88
Q

Who was mostly responsible for the drawing up of the 3FYP?

A

Chen Yun

89
Q

How did the leadership move away from the GLP?

A

Allowed communes to be broken up; thousands of inefficient projects closed down; announced more realistic coal/steel targets; relaxed persecution of scientists/intellectuals

90
Q

What decisive shift did the 3FYP mark?

A

Back to centralised control

91
Q

What were the successes of the 3FYP?

A

Agricultural production recovered to 1957 levels; oil and natural gas production rocketed; manufactured goods were produced in greater quantities

92
Q

How did the leadership ensure that the 3FYP would be more successful than its predecessor?

A

Experts were back in favour; financial incentives were restored

93
Q

When did scientists succeed in exploding China’s own atomic bomb?

A

1964

94
Q

When were Soviet advisers withdrawn from China?

A

1959

95
Q

Why was Mao reluctant to attribute the economic improvements of the early 1960s to the retreat from GLP?

A

Revisionism

96
Q

When did Mao summon the 7,000 cadre conference?

A

January 1962

97
Q

Why did Mao summon the 7,000 cadre conference?

A

To prevent any further drift away from strict communist principles

98
Q

Why did Mao withdrew from public life after the 7,000 cadre conference?

A

First time his aura of infallibility had been damaged

99
Q

What happened at the 7,000 cadre conference?

A

Liu praised Mao for his correct leadership but implied he should share some blame for China’s past mistakes

100
Q

Why did Liu feel confident enough to criticise Mao at the 7,000 cadre conference?

A

Knew he had approval of conference

101
Q

How did Mao react to Liu’s suggestions at the 7,000 cadre conference?

A

Admitted responsibility as chairman but stopped short of admitting any personal mistakes

102
Q

Who took the pragmatic view about the economy?

A

Liu, Deng and Chen Yun

103
Q

When was a clear difference of opinion about how the economy should be run becoming apparent?

A

After the 7,000 cadre conference

104
Q

When did Mao return to the political fray?

A

Summer 1962

1China (7 decks)

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