Manufacturing Consent

Question 1

Propaganda Model and the Five Filters

Answer 1

1. Size, ownership and Profit Orientation
2. Advertising License to do business
3. Sourcing Mass Media
4. Flak and the Enforcers
5. Anti-Communism

Question 2

1. Size, ownership and Profit Orientation

规模、传媒机构日益集中的所有权和财富以及大众传媒机构的惟利是图

Answer 2

Media-outlets are run for profit and they must therefore cater to the interests of their owners, mostly investors whose primary, if not, sole goal is to make money.

指当代媒体经营需要大规模的投资从而导致了媒体控制权的集中化

Question 3

2. Advertising License to do business

作为大众传媒主要收入来源的广告

Answer 3

Major media outlets cannot run without the money that comes with the advertising of corporations and must therefore cater to their wishes.

广告商实际获得了发执照的权力，因为没有他们的支持，报纸在经济上难以为继
从广告引入报纸以来，工人阶级报纸与激进报纸就处于不利地位。他们的读者一般较为贫困，这一事实大大影响广告商们对报纸的兴趣。乔姆斯基发现，这种广告与报纸之间的故事不断地重演。在一战前的英国如此，二战后的英国使然，在当代的美国也是一样。

Question 4

3. Sourcing Mass Media 新闻源

对政府、商业公司、信息源的依赖以及由权力机构和上述信息源资助和认可的专家的依赖

Answer 4

• Large bureaucracies官僚机构 help reduce the cost of mass media and thereby gain special access to news production. As a result, entities that provide subsidies补贴 to news production become “routine” news sources.

权威机构的这种体制实际上是在资助媒体，他们为媒体制造新闻和提供新闻原材料而减少了媒体的成本，作为回报他们的声音得以进入媒体。为媒体提供这种资助的实体会成为媒体固定的新闻源，而过通过把关人的把守有优先权。

Question 5

4. Flak and the Enforcers 炮轰和强制执行

把“炮轰”(flak)作为惩戒媒体的手段

Answer 5

Negative responses such as letters of complaints and legislative actions constitute “flak” and as they can be expensive to media outlets, certain events are never reported.
炮轰是指对媒体节目或评论的反面回应
这种政府和大公司具有的向媒体施加压力的能力为“反对和压力”，在这种压力下，媒体“反映资助者的权力”

Question 6

5. Anti-Communism

把意识形态作为一种控制机制
把作为国教和控制机制

Answer 6

which has now been superseded by “War on Terror”, is in reference to the common “enemy”. This can figure in “the evil dictator” and characters such as Saddam Hussein, Moammar Ghaddafi and Solbodan Milosevic.

乔姆斯基称之为美国的国教。[10]共产主义威胁到了资产阶级的根基和地位，所以它成为缠绕有产者心头的幽灵。这种意识形态可以用来反对任何威胁到财产权的人，或用来反对主张与共产主义国家或激进主义调和的人。媒体通常对于一切异已之见都贴上共产主义的标签加以排斥。乔姆斯基称之为“产主义的意识形态”，即媒体把国内外任何威胁到财产利益、特别是美国财产利益的政策都解释成“共产主义的”或“亲共产主义的”，并因此把它们作为一种威胁大肆传播。

Question 7

Noam Chomsky

Answer 7

1. five filters
2. Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media
   《制造共识：大众传媒的政治经济学》
   by Chomsky and Herman
3. media’s reluctance勉为其难 to cover the horrendous可怕的 events taking place in East Timor in the 1970s. failure to cover.
   media are shown as constituting组成 profit driven corporations catering to the interests of hegemonic霸权的，支配的 forces.

Question 8

Walter Lippmann

Answer 8

• 这本书是“manufacturing consent制造共识”的来源

－ under the impact of propaganda…the old constraints of our thinking have become variables. It is no longer possible.
- e.g. to believe in the original dogma教条 of democracy民主; that the knowledge needed for the management of human affairs事件 comes up spontaneously from the heart.
－ where we act on that theory we expose ourselves to self-deception自欺欺人, and to forms of persuasion that we connote verify. It has been demonstrated that we cannot reply upon intuition直觉, conscience良心, or the accidents of casual opinion if we are to deal with the world beyond our reach.”