Final

Question 1

Noam Chomsky

Answer 1

• five filters propaganda model: size, advertising, sourcing, flacks, ownership, anticommunism
• sees himself as an anarchist. doesn’t imply chaos, it means “no ruler”.
• assumes authority makes people greedy/selfish in their duties.
• believes authority is inherently illegitimate (本来就不合理)
• universal grammar: fundamental way of organizing thoughts into words
• role of people with authority is simply to hold on to their power, not to serve others.

Question 2

Marshall McLuhan

Answer 2

• communication media: extension of human senses.
• the media is becoming the message, you might not aware that it is controlling you. norms are structured by medium.

Two Important Eras:

1. Typographical
   - main medium : text
   - main characteristic: linear, sequential structure
2. Electric
   - main medium: television
   - main characteristic: spontaneity, lack of structure

Question 3

carnivalesque

Answer 3

it has disturbing images of sexuality. explicit, not showing the true form. reverse rule of values, shows the reversal of where the body is highlight. the top part of the body.

Question 4

three discursive practices

Answer 4

multiculturalist, plural. african-american nurse, a single mom,

Question 5

palimpsest

Answer 5

• parchment produced from animal skins. 不要说paper 要说parchment
• in the purpose of reuse

Question 6

colophon

Answer 6

at the end of book, shows the index

Question 7

negotiated position

Answer 7

takes place when the audience encode the message, stuart hall-reception theory. circular not linear. starts from receiver and goes back to the receiver.

Question 8

dutch angle

Answer 8

causing anxiety. e.g. mission impossible

Question 9

hyperreality

Answer 9

the implosion of meaning, reality being destroyed, reverted

Question 10

october suprise conspiracy

Answer 10

suggesting not everything is shared with the public. 1984- winston works at the ministry of truth, but actually changing the news.

Question 11

rearview mirror syndrome

Answer 11

marshall McLuhan. ebook- , car as a horseless carriage

Question 12

mean world syndrome

Answer 12

George Gerbner

Question 13

three types of media literacies

Answer 13

• J.Meyrowitz’s

- rammar, content, environment

Question 14

Walter Benjamin

Answer 14

• mechanical reproduction leads to the loss of the mystique of “original” and tears the work of from from the “fabric of tradition” of which it was a part. the work of art the undergoes reproduction in the course of being copied and recopied ad infinitum循环下去 loses its uniqueness in time and space, its aura气味.
  － authenticity真实性 tied with the ‘regional’ is no longer relevant as photography makes the issue of “authentic”可信的 print irrelevant.

－“The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction” explores the interrelationship between art and technological advancements.

while technological advancements allow for a larger number of people to become informed –be it of the news via newspaper, or an inaccessible work of art stored in a museum–it comes at a price:the loss of aura.

• art becomes more closely aligned to politics! art and media begin to merge in the service of politics.
• the question of subjectivity can get lost in the age of mechanical reproduction as we find ourselves exposed to a numbing concatenation of images, more political than ritualistic or even aesthetic in nature.
• differences between theatre and film!
  theatre: each performance is unique as the actor adjusts him/herself to the audience
  film: the actor is performing for the camera and not to a live audience. 所以 the audience’s identification with the actor is really an identification with the camera.
• ‘seeing’ is associated with the sense of sight without our conscious effort
• ‘looking’ is affiliated with an active and conscious effort on our part to observe. looking involves relationships of power.

Question 15

myth of photographic truth

Answer 15

• no matter what social role an image plays, the creation of an image through a camera lens always involves some degree of subjective choice through selection, framing and personalization.
• the recent development in technology which allows one to alter and manipulate images has begun to cast doubt over the truth-value of photographs.
• Barthes’s : ideologies are connotations内涵 parading as denotations富豪.

Question 16

‘The Real World’

Answer 16

• a television show
• implicitly promises the democratization of creative control and productive power, serves as a form of acclimatization to an emerging economic regime predicated on increasingly unequal access to and control over information.

Question 17

syllabic system

Answer 17

• each individual syllable in the spoken language is phonetically coded with its own unique sign.

Question 18

vellum

Answer 18

• refers specifically to the skin of a young cow.

Question 19

palimpsests

Answer 19

• parchement produced from animal skins.
• when parchment’s written content was no longer considered relevant, the script was scraped off, but not to the point of erasing it altogether. then new message written on the readied surface.

Question 20

colophon

Answer 20

• the index of quires is contained at the end of the volume.

Question 21

Print and Imagined Communities

Answer 21

• ‘think’ the nation

- Walter Benjamin: messianic time

Question 22

messianic time救世主时间

Answer 22

• a simultaneity of past and future in an instantaneous present.

Question 23

Benedict Anderson

Answer 23

• “imagined nation” with our ability to think of fellow countrymen within a simultaneous paradigm of time
• imagined nation enables a writer to touch on verbal associations (i.e. street names) shared by a group of people and evoke a feeling of togetherness amongst them all without knowing them individually.
• 举个例子: newspapers give rise to “imagined nations” as the members of a particular nation engage in its “consumption “ within a particular period of time.

Question 24

fundamental cultural concepts

Answer 24

1. the idea that particular script-language offered privileged access to ontological truth.
2. the belief that society was natural organized around and under high centres–monarchs who were persons apart from other human beings and who ruled by some form of cosmological dispensation
3. a concept of temporality in which cosmology and history were indistinguishable, the origins of the world and of men essentially identical.

Question 25

Herman Gray

Answer 25

3 discursive practices.

1. assimilationist (invisibility)
2. pluralist (separate but equal)
3. multiculturalist (diversity)

multiculturalist approach:

• the Cosby Show
• operated from the normative space of a largely black, often multicultural world that paralleled that of whites.
• the show attempt to explore the interiors of black lives and subjectivities from the angle of African Americans.
• constructed black Americans as the authors of and participants in their own notion of America and what it means to be American.
• evident in the show’s use of blackness and African American culture as a kind of emblematic象征 code of difference.

Question 26

J.Meyrowitz

Answer 26

Multiple Media Literacies

1. Environment (medium literacy)
   - the conception of media as environments suggest the need to grasp the influence of the relatively fixed characteristics of each medium.
2. Cotent literacy
   - takes on many forms exploring intended and unintended latent messages.
   - being aware of the cultural, institutional and commercial forces that favour certain messages over others.
3. Grammar
   - the idea that media are distinct languages suggest the need
   - demands some understanding of the specific workings of individual media.

• ” the message is the message, the medium is the medium”