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SEM 2 Mental Health and Distress > Mania, Psychosis and 'Personality Disorders' > Flashcards

Mania, Psychosis and 'Personality Disorders' Flashcards

1
Q

What is Mania?

A

Periods of severe over-active and high-energy behaviour that can have a significant impact on your day-to-day life

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2
Q

What is hypomania?

A

A milder version of mania that typically lasts for a shorter period

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3
Q

Severe mania is the opposite of…?

A

Severe depression

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4
Q

Manic episodes are characterised by a cluster of experiences. What are the 4 changes one might experience during manic episodes?

A

1) Affect/Emotional changes
2) Bodily/Physiological changes
3) Behavioural changes
4) Cognitive changes

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5
Q

What emotional changes occur during manic episodes? List 2

A
  • Intense elated mood
  • Irritable/agitated mood
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6
Q

What bodily/physiological changes occur during manic episodes? List 3

A
  • Decreased need for sleep
  • Increased sense of energy
  • Psychomotor agitation
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7
Q

What behavioural changes occur during manic episodes? List 3

A
  • Excessive involvement in pleasurable risk-taking activities
  • The pressure of speech
  • Increased goal-directed activity
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8
Q

What cognitive changes occur during manic episodes? List 3

A
  • Inflated self-esteem/grandiosity
  • Flight of ideas/ racing thoughts
  • Distractibility
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9
Q
  • Intense elated mood
  • Irritable/agitated mood

These are examples of what type of changes during manic episodes?

a. Affect/Emotional changes
b. Bodily/Physiological changes
c. Behavioural changes
d. Cognitive changes

A

a. Affect/Emotional changes

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10
Q
  • Decreased need for sleep
  • Increased sense of energy
  • Psychomotor agitation

These are examples of what type of changes during manic episodes?

a. Affect/Emotional changes
b. Bodily/Physiological changes
c. Behavioural changes
d. Cognitive changes

A

b. Bodily/Physiological changes

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11
Q
  • Excessive involvement in pleasurable risk-taking activities
  • The pressure of speech
  • Increased goal-directed activity

These are examples of what type of changes during manic episodes?

a. Affect/Emotional changes
b. Bodily/Physiological changes
c. Behavioural changes
d. Cognitive changes

A

c. Behavioural changes

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12
Q
  • Inflated self-esteem/grandiosity
  • Flight of ideas/ racing thoughts
  • Distractibility

These are examples of what type of changes during manic episodes?

a. Affect/Emotional changes
b. Bodily/Physiological changes
c. Behavioural changes
d. Cognitive changes

A

d. Cognitive changes

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13
Q

How common is the lifetime prevalence of mania in the general population? List a %

A

4% - 9%

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14
Q

……% - …..% of the population presents experiences sufficiently severe to receive a diagnosis of bipolar disorder

A

0.5% - 1.5%

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15
Q

How many people with bipolar take their own lives?

A

20%

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16
Q

How many people with diagnoses of bipolar have less than 1 episode?

A

< 1%

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17
Q

True or False?

Episodes of mania and hypomania always co-occur with depression/low mood

A

False

Episodes of mania and hypomania often (but not always) co-occur with depression/low mood

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18
Q

What is a distinct mania and depression?

A

A manic episode followed by a period of depression

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19
Q

A manic episode followed by a period of depression

This is known as…?

A

Distinct mania and depression

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20
Q

What is concurrent mania and depression?

A

Mixed manic-depressive episodes

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21
Q

Mixed manic-depressive episodes

This is known as…?

A

Concurrent mania and depression

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of manic and depressive episodes?

A
  • Distinct
  • Concurrent
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23
Q

What are the 2 types of bipolar?

A
  • Bipolar 1
  • Bipolar 2
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24
Q

What is bipolar 1?

A

Patients have at least one manic episode

Major depressive episodes are typical but not necessary for diagnosis

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25
Q

True or False?

Major depressive episodes are necessary for a diagnosis of Bipolar 1

A

False

Major depressive episodes are typical but not necessary for a diagnosis of Bipolar 1

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26
Q

What type of bipolar is this?

Has at least one manic episode but major depressive episodes are not necessary for a diagnosis

A

Bipolar 1

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27
Q

What is Bipolar 2?

A

At least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode

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28
Q

True or False?

Major depressive episodes are typical but not necessary for a diagnosis of Bipolar 2

A

False

There must be at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode for someone to be diagnosed with Bipolar 2

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29
Q

What type of bipolar is this?

At least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode

A

Bipolar 2

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30
Q

What are the psychological factors of bipolar? List 2

A

1) Highly unstable and fluctuating self-esteem

2) Conflictual appraisals about mood and internal states

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31
Q

How do people with extreme mood swings increase their swings in mood?

A

They hold conflictual beliefs about their mood states (e.g. “feeling energetic helps my creativity” and “if I get too energetic I will not be able to focus and I’ll mess up my work”)

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32
Q

What is psychosis?

A

A number of unusual experiences involving “loss of contact with reality”

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33
Q

Psychosis involves significant changes in 3 actions. What are they?

A
  • The person’s ability to think clearly
  • Telling the difference between “reality” and inner experiences
  • Changes in the way people behave
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34
Q

Psychosis is regarded as a characteristic feature of specific psychiatric disorders, in particular ….?

A

Schizophrenia

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35
Q

How are psychotic experiences observed?

A

In the context of many other mental health difficulties

e.g. bipolar, depression, trauma, etc

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36
Q

What are the 2 types of symptoms of psychosis?

A
  • Positive
  • Negative
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37
Q

What are positive psychosis symptoms?

A

The presence of states and experiences that most individuals do not normally experience

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38
Q

The presence of states and experiences that most individuals do not normally experience

Which psychosis symptom is this?

A

Positive

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39
Q

What are negative psychosis symptoms?

A

The absence of emotional responses, thought processes and behaviours that are usual in most individuals (deficits)

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40
Q

The absence of emotional responses thought processes and behaviours that are usual in most individuals (deficits)

Which psychosis symptom is this?

A

Negative

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41
Q

What are the 3 main experiences which fall under positive psychosis symptoms?

A

1) Hallucinations
2) Delusions
3) Thought disorder

42
Q

What are the 5 main experiences which fall under negative psychosis symptoms?

A

1) Alogia
2) Avolition
3) Blunted, flat or reduced affect
4) Anhedonia
5) Asociality

43
Q

What are hallucinations?

A

Sensory perceptions unrelated to outside events

They are often auditory but can be in any other/multiple sensory modality including visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory, tactile, somatic

44
Q

Sensory perceptions unrelated to outside events

This is known as…?

A

Hallucinations

45
Q

What are delusions?

A

A false belief

Often held with great conviction and a wide range of possible themes

e.g. grandiose beliefs, persecutory/ paranoid beliefs

46
Q

A false belief

Often held with great conviction and a wide range of possible themes

This is known as…?

A

Delusions

47
Q

What is a thought disorder?

A

Incomprehensive thought patterns as evidenced by disorganised speech

e.g. flight of ideas, “loose” associations based on phonetics rather than semantics

48
Q

Incomprehensive thought patterns as evidenced by disorganised speech

This is known as…?

A

Thought disorder

49
Q

What is Alogia?

A

Poverty of speech (lack of conversation)

50
Q

The poverty of speech (lack of conversation)

This is known as…?

A

Alogia

51
Q

What is Avolition?

A

The lack of motivation

52
Q

The lack of motivation

This is known as …?

A

Avolition

53
Q

What is the blunted, flat or reduced affect?

A

The inability to express ‘appropriate’ emotions

54
Q

The inability to express ‘appropriate’ emotions

This is known as…?

A

The blunted, flat or reduced affect

55
Q

What is Anhedonia?

A

The inability to experience pleasure

56
Q

The inability to experience pleasure

This is known as…?

A

Anhedonia

57
Q

What is Asociality?

A

Social withdrawal and/or lack of desire to engage in social interactions/form relationships

58
Q

Social withdrawal and/or lack of desire to engage in social interactions/form relationships

This is known as…?

A

Asociality

59
Q

What are the 2 extreme ends of the psychosis spectrum?

A
  • Low vulnerability
  • High vulnerability
60
Q

True or False?

Psychotic symptoms exist on a continuum with normal functioning

A

True

61
Q

True or False?

Paranoia experiences build upon unusual worries

A

False

Paranoia experiences build upon normal worries

62
Q

Approximately …% of the general population experiences paranoid ideation

A

30%

63
Q

What is paranoia?

A

When thinking is dominated by suspicious, persecutory, or grandiose content such as being spied on, followed, secretly tested or plotted against

64
Q

When thinking is dominated by suspicious, persecutory, or grandiose content such as being spied on, followed, secretly tested or plotted against

This is known as…?

A

Paranoia

65
Q

In Beavan et al.’s systematic review, they included 17 studies investigating auditory hallucinations in the adult general population

They found that the prevalence of hearing voices in the general population ranged from ….% to …..%

A

0.6% to 84%.

66
Q

Estimated only …..% - ……% of people have a diagnosis of hearing voices

A

0.5% - 1%

67
Q

True or False?

Hearing voices is always negative and threatening

A

False

In many cases, psychotic experiences are not perceived as inherently distressing as some people hear positive voices rather than negative ones

68
Q

What are the 3 extremely negative effects of Psychosis?

A

Psychosis can cause severe:

  • Distress
  • Disability
  • Mortality
69
Q

The content of psychotic experiences can be extremely distressing.

How does this affect an individual in their everyday life?

A

Psychosis symptoms can interfere with a person’s functioning, life goals, etc.

70
Q

True or False?

A quarter of people who receive diagnoses of schizophrenia improve socially and occupationally after diagnosis over time

A

False

A quarter of people who receive diagnoses of schizophrenia remain socially and occupationally impaired many years after diagnosis

71
Q

True or False?

Hearing commands from voices does not mean people will act on them

A

True

72
Q

The lifetime risk of suicide in Schizophrenia is …% - ….%

A

5% - 10%

73
Q

Which psychological theories propose that psychosis is associated with the emergence of psychotic experiences? List 3

A

1) Hallucinations = Source monitoring bias
2) Delusions/Paranoia = Theory of Mind difficulties
3) Psychosocial factors

74
Q

Which psychological theories propose that psychosis is associated with distress? List 2

A

1) Negative beliefs about the self and the world
2) Negative, threatening appraisals of psychotic experiences

75
Q

Which psychological theory explains why hallucinations occur?

A

Source monitoring biases

Having the ability to distinguish between internal and external cognitive events; stress can disrupt the ability to distinguish

76
Q

What are source monitoring biases?

A

Having the ability to distinguish between internal and external cognitive events; stress can disrupt the ability to distinguish

77
Q

Source monitoring biases is a psychological theory which explains which symptom of psychosis?

A

Hallucinations

78
Q

Which psychological theory explains why delusions/paranoia occur?

A

Theory of Mind difficulties

  • Not understanding other’s mental states
  • Jumping to conclusion biases (making overconfident conclusions based on little evidence)
  • Attributional style (external, personalised attributions for negative events)
79
Q

What are the 3 theory of mind difficulties present in delusions/paranoia?

A
  • Not understanding other’s mental states
  • Making overconfident conclusions based on little evidence
  • External, personalised attributions for negative events
80
Q

Theory of mind difficulties is a psychological theory which explains which symptom of psychosis?

A

Delusions/Paranoia

81
Q

What psychosocial factors contribute to psychosis? List 3

A
  • Stressful life events
  • Trauma
  • Social inequality
82
Q

Negative beliefs about the self and the world often arise from…?

A

A background of victimisation and powerlessness

83
Q

A background of victimisation and powerlessness influences…?

A

Negative beliefs about the self and the world

84
Q

Negative, threatening appraisals of psychotic experiences lead to…

e.g. “Hearing voices means that I am going nuts!”

A

Distress

85
Q

Negative beliefs about the self and the world lead to …?

A

Distress

86
Q

What is a personality?

A

The collection of enduring behavioural and psychological traits that distinguish human beings.

87
Q

The collection of enduring behavioural and psychological traits that distinguish human beings.

This is known as…?

A

Personality

88
Q

Personality difficulties are seen as …?

A

Maladaptive

89
Q

Personality difficulties are seen as enduring patterns of behaviour, thought, and inner experiences exhibited across many contexts, that differ markedly from those accepted by the individual’s culture and society

True or False?

A

True

90
Q

Personality disorders are particularly evident in 2 areas. What are they?

A

1) Expression and self-regulation of
distressing emotions

2) Interpersonal relationships

91
Q

True or False?

Each personality disorder follows the same, cohesive diagnostic criteria

A

False

Each personality disorder has its own set of diagnostic criteria

92
Q

How can an individual get a specific diagnosis of a certain personality disorder?

A

Each personality disorder has its own set of diagnostic criteria and a person must meet some of these criteria

93
Q

What are the 10 types of personality disorder?

A

1) Paranoid personality disorder
2) Schizoid personality disorder
3) Schizotypal personality disorder
4) Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)
5) Borderline personality disorder (BPD)
6) Histrionic personality disorder
7) Narcissistic personality disorder
8) Avoidant personality disorder
9) Dependent personality disorder
10) Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)

94
Q

People diagnosed with personality disorders often experience …? List 3 experiences

A

1) Intense and overwhelming negative feelings
(such as depression, anxiety, worthlessness or anger)

2) Difficulties in managing overwhelming feelings
(often using self-harming or abusing drugs and alcohol or other potentially damaging strategies to cope with overwhelming feelings)

3) Difficulties in maintaining stable and close relationships
(especially with partners, children and professional carers)

95
Q

What are the stigmas related to personality disorders? List 3

A

1) Negative reaction from mental health professionals , not seen as ‘real’ mental illness

2) Professionals expect negative interactions

3) People with a diagnosis are seen as untreatable, manipulative, attention-seeking

96
Q

How do you overcome personality disorder stigmas? List 4 ways

A

1) Empathy

2) #TraumaNotPD

3) ‘What happened to you?’ rather than ‘What’s wrong with you?’

4) Meta-analysis inc. 97 studies found people with a diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) over 13 times more likely to report childhood adversity than non-clinical controls

97
Q

Meta-analysis inc. 97 studies found people with a diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) over …… times more likely to report ……….. than non-clinical controls

A

a. 13
b. Childhood adversity

98
Q

What is the main psychological theory attempting to explain personality difficulties/disorders?

A

Attachment

99
Q

Why will attachment help with personality disorders?

A

Attachment is an important determinant of effective emotional self-regulation (we learn to self-soothe from being soothed)

100
Q

True or False?

Secure attachment styles have been extensively linked to personality difficulties

A

False

Insecure attachment styles have been extensively linked to personality difficulties

101
Q

Emotional neglect, dismissing family environments and adverse early life experiences have been linked to the development of…..?

A

Personality difficulties

SEM 2 Mental Health and Distress (10 decks)

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