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SEM 2 Mental Health and Distress > Low mood, Anxiety and Trauma related difficulties > Flashcards

Low mood, Anxiety and Trauma related difficulties Flashcards

1
Q

What is phenomenology?

A

The study of lived experience

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2
Q

What did previous Cartesian thinking suggest about a ‘real’ reality and the individual experience of reality?

A

There’s a distinction between the outer ‘real’ reality and the individual experience of reality (dualism).

Simply = Clear difference between the mind and body

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3
Q

What did previous Cartesian thinking suggest about the mind and body?

A

They are seperate

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4
Q

What did previous Cartesian thinking suggest about sensation and perception of reality?

A

They are untrue and are illusions

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5
Q

What did previous Cartesian thinking suggest about understanding reality?

A

Reality can only be understood through
deductive reasoning

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6
Q

Who was the founder of phenomenology?

A

Edmund Husserl

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7
Q

What does Phenomenology seek to understand?

A

Phenomenology seeks to understand the outside world as it is interpreted by and through human consciousness

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8
Q

How do we understand reality according to phenomenology?

A

By gathering first-person accounts about what it is like to have certain experiences

Researchers put aside assumptions or preconceived ideas

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9
Q

Why should we study phenomenology? List 7 reasons

A

1) Informs the content of mental health problems (e.g., symptoms).

2) Groundwork for building theory (biological, psychological) – e.g., how do mental health difficulties develop, and how are they maintained?

3) May reveal/inform how psychological and health interventions work.

4) Ensure we are asking the right questions in research.

5) Helps to develop and refine questionnaires or other assessment tools.

6) Promotes understanding and empathy.

7) Places the individual’s experiences at the centre of any intervention (psychological or medical)

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10
Q

What is the main method of studying phenomenology?

A

Qualitative method

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11
Q

Why do we use qualitative research to study phenomenology? List 2 reasons

A

1) To explore meaning and experience

2) Tends to be inductive (specific observation becomes generalised conclusion)

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12
Q

What type of data in qualitative research is used to study phenomenology? List 3

A

1) Language, words and/or images
2) Collection of rich and detailed data
3) Interviews, focus groups etc.

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13
Q

True or False?

Knowledge about mental health difficulties is gathered from “experts by profession” rather than “experts by experience”

A

False

Knowledge about mental health difficulties is gathered from people with lived experience of these difficulties (“experts by experience” as opposed to “experts by profession”)

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14
Q

What % of adults in Great Britain experienced moderate to severe depression between September and October 2021

A

16% (approx. 1 in 6)

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15
Q

In a systematic review of depression in university students, prevalence rates (the proportion of a population who have a specific characteristic in a given time period) ranged from… % to …..%

A

10% - 84.5%

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16
Q

In a systematic review of depression in university students, depression was present in …% of the total (n = 48,650) students studied

A

30.6%

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17
Q

What is sadness?

A

An emotional response characterised by feelings of loss, disappointment, disadvantage, grief etc

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18
Q

An emotional response characterised by feelings of loss, disappointment, disadvantage, grief etc

This is known as…?

A

Sadness

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19
Q

Low mood difficulties are linked to the basic emotion of…?

A

Sadness

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20
Q

Sadness can have an adaptive (coping) value

True or False?

A

True

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21
Q

Negative affect and sadness imply the presence of …?

A

Unmet important goals, values and needs

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22
Q

How can we adapt to sadness? List 2 ways

A

1) Motivate the avoidance of actions that might lead to future loss (protective)

2) Elicit empathy and comforting behaviour in others, strengthening social bonds

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23
Q

When does sadness become a problem? List 3 signs

A

1) When sadness is present for a prolonged period of time

2) When sadness is perceived as distressing and uncontrollable

3) When sadness causes disruption to social and occupational functioning, or more generally interferes with the person’s goals and values

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24
Q

What is it like to feel depressed? List 4 changes one might go through when experiencing prolonged low mood and depression

A
  1. Affect / Emotional Changes
  2. Bodily / Physiological Changes
  3. Behavioural Changes
  4. Cognitive Changes
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25
Q

How do prolonged low mood and depression affect emotional changes? List 5 effects

A
  • Feel sadness
  • Feel guilt
  • Feel hopelessness
  • Experience other emotions not readily recognisable as a consequence of depression, like irritability or anger
  • Feel reduced “hedonic capacity” (i.e., capacity to feel pleasure)
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26
Q

How do prolonged low mood and depression affect bodily/physiological changes? List 5 effects

A
  • Alteration in sleep
  • Alteration in eating
  • Alteration in the interest in sex
  • Loss of energy
  • Physical complaints like aches/pains (somatic components)
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27
Q

How do prolonged low mood and depression affect behavioural changes? List 3 effects

A
  • Often (but not always) induce more overt (behaviour that is observable and measurable) behaviours typically associated with intense sadness (e.g., crying)
  • Experience reduced activity
  • Experience restlessness and agitation
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28
Q

How do prolonged low mood and depression affect cognitive changes? List 3 effects

A

People with depression may have negative thoughts/beliefs about the self (e.g., decreased self-esteem), the world, and the future.

They can also experience rumination (repetitive thinking or dwelling on negative feelings and distress and their causes and consequences)

They may experience memory and concentration difficulties

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29
Q

What is rumination?

A

Repetitive thinking or dwelling on negative feelings and distress and their causes and consequences

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30
Q

Repetitive thinking or dwelling on negative feelings and distress and their causes and consequences

This is known as…?

A

Rumination

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31
Q

What are the 3 psychological theories of low mood and depression?

A

1) Negative triad
2) Attributional style
3) Rumination

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32
Q

What is the negative triad theory of low mood and depression?

A

A set of negative views about the self, the world and the future that promote and maintain low mood

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33
Q

A set of negative views about the self, the world and the future that promote and maintain low mood

Which theory implies this?

A

The negative triad theory of low mood and depression

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34
Q

What is the attributional style theory of low mood and depression?

A

An internal, stable and global attributional style to make sense of negative life experiences

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35
Q

An internal, stable and global attributional style to make sense of negative life experiences

Which theory implies this?

A

The attributional style theory of low mood and depression

36
Q

Compulsively focused attention on the symptoms of one’s distress, and on its possible causes and consequences, as opposed to its solutions

Which theory implies this?

A

The rumination theory of low mood and depression

37
Q

What is the rumination theory of low mood and depression?

A

Compulsively focused attention on the symptoms of one’s distress, and on its possible causes and consequences, as opposed to its solutions

38
Q

…..% of adults in Great Britain reported experiencing some form of anxiety between September and October 2021

A

16%

39
Q

In a study following 285 students from the school of psychology and clinical language services at a UK university, how many people had a score => 3 on the GAD-2 (anxiety measuring tool)?

Give a %

A

41.2%

40
Q

Difficulties of anxiety are liked with what basic emotion?

A

Fear

41
Q

What is fear?

A

An emotional response to a perceived threat

42
Q

An emotional response to a perceived threat

This is known as…?

A

Fear

43
Q

True or False?

Fear can have an adaptive value

A

True

44
Q

Why do we experience fear, anxiety and/or worry?

A

Worry promotes threat monitoring; anxiety/fear is essential to survival – fight or flight

45
Q

When can fear/anxiety become a problem? List 3 signs

A

1) When anxiety is present for a prolonged period of time

2) When anxiety is distressing/uncontrollable

3) When anxiety interferes/disrupts life

46
Q

What is it like to feel anxious? List the 4 changes one might experience when they have anxiety

A
  1. Affect / Emotional Changes
  2. Bodily / Physiological Changes
  3. Behavioural Changes
  4. Cognitive Changes
47
Q

How does anxiety affect emotional changes? List 1 effect

A

People with anxiety may experience fear (and associated feelings/emotions)

e.g. feeling tense, threatened, intimidated

48
Q

How does anxiety affect bodily/physiological changes? List 9 effects

A
  • Sweating
  • Increased heart rate/palpitations
  • Increased rate of breathing/struggling to breathe
  • Dizziness
  • Nausea
  • Trembling
  • Muscular tension
  • Agitation
  • Sleep difficulties
49
Q

How does anxiety affect behavioural changes? List 3 effects

A
  • Fight, flight, or freeze
  • Escape/avoidance
  • Being hypervigilant (paying extra attention to threatening stimuli)
50
Q

How does anxiety affect cognitive changes? List 4 effects

A
  • Fearful/threatening mental images or memories
  • Overestimation of threat and its consequences
  • Underestimation of ability to cope
  • Excessive and uncontrollable “what if…” thoughts (i.e., worrying)
51
Q

What is fight, flight or freeze?

A

A physiological reaction regulated by the activation of the sympathetic nervous system that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival

52
Q

A physiological reaction regulated by the activation of the sympathetic nervous system that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival

What is this known as…?

A

Fight, flight or freeze

53
Q

Why do people with anxiety experience fight, flight or freeze?

A

It is a response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival

54
Q

What happens to the saliva flow in fight, flight or freeze?

A

The flow decreases

55
Q

What happens to the skin in fight, flight or freeze?

A

Blood vessels constrict; shills and sweating

56
Q

What happens to the heartbeat in fight, flight or freeze?

A

It beats faster and harder

57
Q

What happens in the enzymes in the stomach in fight, flight or freeze?

A

The output of digestive enzymes decreases

58
Q

What happens to the muscles in fight, flight or freeze?

A

It becomes more tense; trembling can occur

59
Q

What happens to the eyes/pupils in fight, flight or freeze?

A

Pupils dilate

60
Q

What happens to the lungs in fight, flight or freeze?

A

Quick, deep breathing occurs

61
Q

What happens to the bowel in fight, flight or freeze?

A

Food movement slows down

62
Q

What happens to the blood vessels in fight, flight or freeze?

A

Blood pressure increases as major vessels dilate

63
Q

What are the 3 main psychological theories of anxiety?

A

1) “Catastrophic” appraisals
2) Attentional processes
3) Safety-seeking behaviours and avoidance

64
Q

What does the “catastrophic” appraisal theory of anxiety suggest?

A

People often overestimate threats, and the consequence of threats (e.g., normal physical sensations are seen as a sign of an imminent hearth attack)

65
Q

What does the attentional processes theory of anxiety suggest?

A

People often experience selective attention towards threat-related information

66
Q

People often overestimate threats, and the consequence of threats (e.g., normal physical sensations are seen as a sign of an imminent heart attack)

Which theory of anxiety implies this?

A

The “catastrophic” appraisal theory of anxiety

67
Q

People often experience selective attention towards threat-related information

Which theory of anxiety implies this?

A

The attentional processes theory of anxiety

68
Q

What is trauma? List 2 things that come under the term trauma

A

1) The experience of negative life events

2) Distressing reaction to adverse life experiences that exceeds a person’s ability to cope, or integrate the emotions involved in these experiences

69
Q

Distressing reaction to adverse life experiences that exceeds a person’s ability to cope, or integrate the emotions involved in these experiences

This is known as…?

A

Trauma

70
Q

The experience of negative life events

This is known as…?

A

Trauma

71
Q

Approximately …..% of the world’s population has experienced a potentially traumatic event

A

70%

72
Q

How common are trauma-related difficulties in the immediate aftermath of traumatic events?

A

Extremely common in the immediate aftermath of traumatic events

73
Q

People who have experienced trauma often get over it quickly

True or False?

A

False

People who have experienced trauma experience a lifetime prevalence of PTSD

74
Q

A large proportion of those who show initial symptoms of trauma difficulties recover without interventions

True or False?

A

True

75
Q

Out of the people who have experienced trauma, what % also experience PTSD?

A

7%

76
Q

What is it like to experience trauma-related difficulties? List 4 changes one might go through when experiencing trauma-related difficulties

A
  1. Affect / Emotional Changes
  2. Bodily / Physiological Changes
  3. Behavioural Changes
  4. Cognitive Changes
77
Q

How do trauma-related difficulties affect emotional changes? List 2 effects

A
  • Experience intense emotions (fear, shame, guilt disgust)
  • Feeling emotionally numb/detached
78
Q

How do trauma-related difficulties affect bodily/physiological changes? List 7 effects

A
  • Experience hyperarousal
  • Feeling on edge/alert
  • Feeling easily startled
  • Feeling pain
  • Sweating
  • Nausea
  • Trembling
79
Q

How do trauma-related difficulties affect behavioural changes? List 3 effects

A
  • Avoidance of external reminders e.g., people, places, conversations, activities
  • Having difficulty sleeping
  • Feeling irritated and/or angry
80
Q

How do trauma-related difficulties affect cognitive changes? List 3 effects

A
  • Re-experiencing, flashbacks, nightmares, and negative thoughts about others, self, and the world
  • Having concentration difficulties
  • Avoidance of thoughts/reminders, dissociation (i.e., detachment)
81
Q

What has been proposed to explain the “re-experiencing” features of trauma-related difficulties?

A

Memory accounts

82
Q

What do intense emotional distress and other cognitive reactions during the traumatic event (e.g., dissociation) disrupt …?

A

Normal encoding memory processes

83
Q

How are trauma memories stored?

A

In a “fragmented”, de-contextualised way

84
Q

Rather than integrated, coherent recollections, what kind of memories do people with trauma-related difficulties experience?

A

“Chaotic” intrusive memories (not just images, smells, emotions, physical sensations etc.) that are vivid (high sensory detail)

These memories are also easily triggered by contextual cues that are only loosely associated with the trauma

85
Q

True or False?

Lived experience is not central to mental health research and practice

A

False

Lived experience is central to mental health research and practice

86
Q

True or False?

Low mood, anxiety and trauma-related difficulties are common and are never distressing or impairing.

A

False

Low mood, anxiety and trauma-related difficulties are common but can be distressing and impairing.

SEM 2 Mental Health and Distress (10 decks)

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