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Year 1 Biology Ellie M > Mandibulata (excluding hexapods) > Flashcards

Mandibulata (excluding hexapods) Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the Mandibulata clade include?

A

Myriapods
Crustaceans
Insects

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2
Q

What are the ancestors of insects?

A

Crustaceans

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3
Q

What are the Mandibulata characterised by?

A

Their mandibles (jaws), and characteristic gene patterns in their heads

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4
Q

What animals are Myriapods?

A

millipedes and centipedes

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5
Q

What do millipedes eat?

A

They are herbivorous and feed on decaying organic matter

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6
Q

What do centipedes eat and how are they adapted for it?

A

Carnivores with a pair of limbs anteriorly modified into powerful venom glands

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7
Q

What does the colour pattern of centipedes indicate?

A

Aposematism - they should not be eaten as they are venomous

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8
Q

Where do myriapods live and why?

A

All terrestrial, living in moist environments such as forests. They need moisture because of their respiratory system

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9
Q

How many species of myriapods are there?

A

13,000

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10
Q

Myriapod anatomy

A
  • Body divisors into head and trunk
  • Trunk is homologous - each part has similar form and structure
  • Labrum: upper lip
  • Maxillae: lower lip
  • Mandibles: situated behind the maxillae in the mouth
  • One pair of antennae
  • Breathe via small openings below the tergites (dorsal hard plates), and internally through spiracles in a tracheal system
  • Limbs are uniramous so they do not have the exopod (the outer branch of a biramous limb)
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11
Q

What is the scientific name for a centipede?

A

Chilopod

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12
Q

Chilopod features (myriapod)

A
  • Head with mandibles
  • Two pairs of maxillae, the second pair is enlarged and also have a telopodite (claw-like structure)
  • The first trunk segments bears a pair of specialised limbs which act as a poison gland - the forcipule
  • Strong limbs
  • Predators which use forcipules to take down larger prey items
  • Aposematism
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13
Q

What is the scientific name for a millipede

A

Diplopod

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14
Q

Features of Diplopods (myriapod)

A
  • Fused segments, so they appear to have 2 sets of limbs per segment
  • Head has a reduced number of mouthparts compared to Chilopods - the mandibles and gnathochilarium (fused maxillae)
  • Diplopods cannot adjust the orientation of their head
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15
Q

How many crustacean species are there (EXCLUDING hexapods)

A

42,000

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16
Q

Crustaceans anatomy

A
  • Two pairs of antennae
  • Biramous limbs - a plesiomorphy (retained from ancestors)
  • Nauplius larvae
  • Mostly aquatic, but some terrestrial
17
Q

Malacostracan anatomy (crustacean example)

A
  • Two pairs of maxillae
  • 5 segments in the head (2 antennae, 1 mandible, 2 maxillae)
  • Carapace extends from head
  • Behind the head is the thoracic region with thorapods or pereopods
  • There may be appendages on the abdomen for swimming called pleopods
  • Tail may have flaps, derived from limbs, called uropods
  • Posterior-most segment is called the telson
18
Q

Nauplius larvae

A
  • Larva initially only has a couple of limbs and segments
  • These limbs are associated with the head and so later become antenna and so on, but are initially used for swimming
  • As the animal grows it undergoes ecdysis and more limbs are added to the body
  • Animal undergoes changes in its mode of life such as a switch from a planktonic to benthic lifestyle
  • Larvae have single median eyecup for phototaxis
  • Later on they develop compound eyes
  • This style of life is ancient (at least from late Cambrian period)
19
Q

Malacostraca (crustacean group)

A
  • 23,000 species
  • Most disparate group
  • Head: 5 segments
  • Thorax: 8 segments
  • Abdomen: 6 segments
  • Female gonophore (reproductive organ) - thoracic segment 6
  • Male gonophore - thoracic segment 8
20
Q

What groups are included within the Malacostraca?

A 
Decapoda (order)
Pericarida
Euphausiacea
Stomatopoda (mantis shrimp)
Phyllocarida
21
Q

Features of phyllocarids

A

Not particularly diverse

Ancient body plan and lots of fossils

22
Q

Stomatopods

A

Ancient
Infaunal crustaceans (live in burrows and crevices)
Two raptorial appendages used for capturing or crushing prey
Incredible eyes - 16 pigments, 12 for colour, and can see polarised light

23
Q

Decapods

A
  • Most familiar crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, etc)
  • Modified their 3 anterior-most appendages into maxillipeds, which are used in food manipulation
  • Crabs have a reduced abdomen tucked underneath their body
  • Shrimps retain elaborate limbs for swimming
24
Q

Pericarida

A
  • Crustaceans with swimming pouch
  • Group includes orders mysids, amphipods and isopods
  • Amphipods are laterally compressed. They have extensions at the base of the appendages which form part of the external skeleton, known as the epimera. Their abdomen has two parts: the pleosome and urosome
  • Isopods are dorsally compressed. They are characterised by having some of the posterior-most segments fused to form a pleotelson, the number of which varies
25
Q

Euphausiacea

A

Krill

Important primary consumer

26
Q

Maxillopoda (Crustacean group)

A
  • Characterised by having fewer than 10 segments in their body
  • Probably not a real group
27
Q

What groups are included within Maxillopoda?

A 
Copepods
Brachyura
Thecostracans
Ostracods
Pentastomids
28
Q

Copepods (Maxillopoda)

A

Important primary consumer
Parasites and pests in fish farms
12,000 species

29
Q

Brachyura (Maxillopoda)

A

All parasites

30
Q

Thecostracans (Maxillopoda)

A

Barnacles and cirripedes
Mind-controlling parasites
Parasitise malacostracan crustaceans

31
Q

Ostracods (Maxillopoda)

A

Common in marine and freshwater habitats

Calcareous shell so good fossil record

32
Q

Branchiopoda (Crustacean group)

A
  • Group of freshwater crustaceans
  • Common as pets (sea monkeys)
  • Some forms of bivalved carapace, which they don’t shed, so they accrue growth lines
33
Q

Xenocarida (Crustacean group)

A
  • Primitive crustaceans
  • Cephalocarids known as 500 million year old fossils
  • Remipedes are known from salt water caves around the world
  • Sister group to insects
34
Q

Four main crustacean groups

A

Malacostraca
Maxillopoda
Branchiopoda
Xenocarida

Year 1 Biology Ellie M (28 decks)

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