mandible, pano, lateral

Question 1

PA: mandibular centrolateral

Answer 1

1) center the central and lateral incisors with their periapical areas
2) genial tubercles
- radiopaque mass in midline
- mental spine (protuberance)
3) lingual foramen
- radiopaque border with canal
4) mental protuberance
- inverted V ridge
5) mental fossa
- depression, radiolucency at the roots

Question 2

PA: mandibular canine

Answer 2

1) entire canine and PA area
2) open the mesial contact (the distal is open in other projections)

Question 3

PA: mandibular premolar

Answer 3

1) positioning
- bring it in horizontally and rotate it in place
2) capture distal of canine and first molar
3) mental foramen is at the apex of the second premolar
- do not confuse with periapical radiolucency

Question 4

PA: mandibular molar

Answer 4

1) push it more further back
2) distal half of second premolar and three mandibular permanent molars
- if 3rd molar is absent, still capture the area!
3) Inferior alveolar canal
- RECOGNIZE the canal
- can cause appearance of widened PDL space
4) nutrient canals
- may be correlated with periodontal bone loss in anterior
5) mylohyoid/internal oblique ridge
- at the level of molar apices
6) submandibular gland fossa
- below the mylohyoid ridge
7) external oblique ridge
8) inferior border of mandible

Question 5

premolar bitewing

Answer 5

1) capture both distal half of canine and crowns of premolars

Question 6

molar BWX

Answer 6

1) try to open the maxillary molar contacts
2) distal surface of the most posterior erupted molar

Question 7

tube head angulation

Answer 7

1) overlap occurs when the xray is not perpendicular to the receptor

Question 8

cervical burnout

Answer 8

1) diffuse radiolucency caused by over exposure
2) lateral portion of the roots between the enamel and alveolar crest

Question 9

pano

Answer 9

1) airway on the most lateral with cervical spine
- the largest is C2
2) hyoid and epiglottis are imposed over ramus
3) bubbly appearance is mastoid air cells with external auditory meatus
- earlobe is superimposed
4) zygomatic process of maxilla
5) maxillary sinus
6) meati and air spaces
7) floor of the orbit
8) pterygomaxillary fissure
9) teeth
- are there missing teeth, etc.
- use BWX and PA to confirm
10) stylohyoid ligament
- can be calcified

Question 10

lateral cephalometric radiographs

Answer 10

1) only gross craniofacial abnormalities
- airway
- cervical spine growth
2) odontoid process
3) temporal bone
4) sphenoid
5) floor of orbits
6) can’t really assess dentition