Managing Change Flashcards
What are some examples of changes?
Rapid/Unexpected
Long term
Incremental- Improve over time
Disruptive- Game changing developments
What is Lewin’s force field analysis?
Some forces will want change
Some forces will want to keep things as they are
A business will likely be in equilibrium- so will stay as it
What can Lewin’s analysis be used for?
To investigate the balance of power
Identify the key stakeholders
Identify opponents and allies
Identify how to influence the target groups
What are some causes of internal change?
Competition Complaints Higher returns Poor Performance Could 'do better' To increase profitability Reorganisation to boost efficiency Natural decline Conflicting departments Need for flexibility Ineffective communication
What are some causes if external change?
Increased demand for higher quality Uncertain economy conditions More competition HIgher cost for inputs Legislation and tax Political interest Ethics and social value Globalisation Scarcity Changing nature and composition of the workforce
What are some common reasons for resistance?
Lack of finance
Existing staff
Stakeholder groups are worse off
What are some other reasons why change is resisted?
Parochial self interest- Concern for themselves
Habit- comfort and security
Misunderstanding for the need for change
Low tolerance for change
Different assessment of the situation
Economic implications
Fear of the unknown
What are some organisational barriers to change?
Structure inactivity
Existing power structures
Resistance from work groups
Failure in past changes
For changes to take place, what forces need to alter?
The drivers for change need a stronger force
The forces resisting need to be stronger
Why may some businesses be better at managing change than others?
Better flexibility and organisation
How can managements fail to initiate change?
If they do not: Explain the need Provide info Consult Involve people Build trust Build employee relations
What is failed change associated with?
Poor communication Lack of understanding Lack of planning Lack of skill Lack of resources Inadequate rewards
By managing data effectively, what can managers do?
Identify changes before they happen
Develop strategies
Evaluate the effectiveness of strategies
What are Kotter’s four main reasons why change is resisted?
Self interest
Low tolerance
Different assessment
Misinformation
How can resistance be overcome?
Education + Communication Participation + Involvement Facilitation + Support Manipulation + Co-option Negotiation + Bargaining Explicit + Implicit coercion
