Management Systems, 5% Flashcards
What is the systems approach?
A management perspective which thinks of the business as a complete system, made of hierarchal sub-systems instead of separate parts.
What does the systems approach to management require in order to be successful?
- Dependency
Each part of the system is dependent on other parts of the system for input and information. - Responsiveness
The system changes and reacts to environmental change in order to stay relevant. - Results
All the parts of the system are focused on the overall system results. Different parts do not operate independently, because one or two parts working well will not benefit the total system product. - Focus
The focus of each part of the system should be clear and well defined. Clear responsibilities without overlap between parts will improve effectiveness.
Discuss the PDCA cycle.
Plan, Do, Check, Act
Principle of steady improvement.
- Plan
Recognize opportunity, set objectives, and plan for change - Do
Do a small study or implement changes. - Check
Review the test, analyze results - Act
Take action on what was learned, adjust for improvement.
What is the Delphi method or Delphi technique?
This is a system used for forecasting or creating a consensus.
A panel of experts answer a question and give rationale.
The answers are summarized and anonymized.
The panel then answers the question again, in light of the summary answers/justifications.
With each repetition, the range of answers should decrease and eventually a consensus is reached.
What is the Nominal Group Technique?
A method of brainstorming that encourages contributions from everyone.
- Each person brainstorms alone
- Members present their best idea to the group without discussion.
- After each idea presented, then there may be discussion and alteration. (focus on clarification)
- Each member numerically rates each idea
What is ADDIE?
A model for developing TRAINING
- Analysis
(what is the instructional problem?) - Design
(what are the objectives) - Development
(content development) - Implementation
(the instruction is delivered) - Evaluation
(each phase is evaluated at each step, and then at the end as a whole)
What are the following organizational structures:
- Functional
- Divisional
- Hybrid
- Matrix
- Team
- Network
- Functional
The workforce is grouped into sections of workers performing similar functions. - Divisional
The workforce is grouped into sections of workers with different functions working towards the same objectives. - Hybrid
The workforce have both functional and divisional structures in different parts of an organization. - Matrix
Both functional and divisional structures simultaneously. - Team
Built on a functional structure. A cross-functional team. - Network
Systems of contracted services and alliances around a central business objective.
What are Philip Crosby’s Four Absolutes of Quality Management?
Quality is:
- conformance to standards
- defect prevention (not correction)
- standards of defect free work
- a way to save money (work doesn’t need to be repeated/fixed)
What are the four functions of management?
Planning
Organizing
Leading
Controlling
Talk about Freferick Taylor
The science of every job.
- select the right workers
- train the worker in the correct way to do their job
Talk about Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
Pioneers of motion study.
Established work standards.
Taught managers to question the way work is done and constantly adopt improvements.
Talk about Henri Fayol
The 5 duties/rules of management:
- Foresight
- Organization
- Command
- Coordination
- Control
Talk about Mary Parker Follett
Making every employee an owner would create feelings of responsibility.
Talk about Max Webber
Bureaucracy.
Clear division of labour
Hierarchy of positions
Defined duties and authority
Standard rules/procedures
Selections based on competence
Fixed salaries for career managers
What are the Hawthorne Studies?
They tested the effect of lighting changes, work breaks, and pay incentives on productivity.
Talk about Maslow
The theory of human needs.
1, Physiological needs
2, Safety & security
3, Love & belonging
4, Self esteem
5, Self actualization
Talk about Douglas McGregor
Theory X and Y managers.
X Managers
Workers dislike work, lack ambition, need direction.
Y Managers
Workers are willing to work and accept responsibility.
Talk about Chris Argyris
Mature workers want more responsibility and control.
Problems with employees are often due to mature personalities being managed with outdated management styles.
Management styles should include more participation from workers.
Talk about Philip Crosby & DIRFT
Doing It Right the First Time.
Developed in response to a quality crisis in the 70’s.
What is RAIDERS?
Problem solving tool:
Recognize (problem)
Analyze (problem)
Identify (causes)
Develop (solutions)
Evaluate (solutions)
Reach (decision)
What is the Nominal group technique?
Group problem solving technique
Structured group brainstorming.
1, Mentor states the purpose of the brainstorming.
2, Everyone writes their ideas down.
3, Everyone presents ONE of their ideas. No discussion.
4, Keep going around until all ideas listed.
5, Discuss each idea.
What is the Delphi technique?
Consensus making system.
Pose a question to the group and ask all to write an answer.
Read and discuss answers.
Repeat until consensus if found.
What are the Thomas-Kilmann conflict modes?
The 5 ways of dealing with conflict:
Avoidance (lose/lose)
Compromise (lose/lose)
Accommodation (lose/win)
Competing (win/lose)
Collaboration (win/win)
Competing means I get what I want but other does not.
Accommodation means the other person gets what they want, I do not.
Compromise means both of us give something up.
What is Bloom’s Taxonomy?
A pyramid of learning from bottom to top, with the lower levels being necessary for the upper levels.
Knowledge
Comprehension
Application
Analysis
Synthesis
Evaluation
There is a 2001 updated version with active wording:
Remember
Understand
Apply
Analyze
Evaluate
Create
What are the three domains of learning?
Psychomotor/Skill
Cognitive/knowledge
Affective/attitude
What is the scalar principle?
There should be a clear chain of command in an organization, linking every person to a successively higher level of authority.
What is the Rand formula for the collection of union dues?
AKA “dues check off”
All employees pay union dues regardless of whether they are part of the union or not.
The Rand formula enables the employer to deduct union dues from paychecks and forward directly to union. Otherwise, the union would have to go to each employee independently to collect dues.
