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APC - CK > Management of the Natural Environment & Forestry > Flashcards

Management of the Natural Environment & Forestry Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key differences between Commercial and Amenity woodland?

A

Different species
Different financial gain
Different environmental gain
Different tax incentives
Different eligibility for carbon

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2
Q

Other than Carbon and Environmental, what are the benefits of Woodland Creation?

A
  • Production of timber for UK suppliers

Commercial:
-Income tax and corporation tax exempt
-Profits from the sale of trees in commercial woodlands are exempt from Capital Gains Tax. This exemption applies whether the trees are standing or have been felled.

Amenity:
- Can potentially be eligible for APR if ancillary to Agricultural land (e.g. shelterbelts)

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3
Q

What stem density would you expect to see in Commercial and Broadleaf woodland?

A

Commercial: 2,500 stem/ha
Amenity: 1,100 stem/ha

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4
Q

What is DNB and what trees are impacted?

A

Dothystroma Needle Blight (predominantly lodgepole pine and scots pine)

Can cause a drop in needles, loss of yield and occasionally death of trees

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5
Q

Give some examples of softwood species you would expect to see on a commercial plantation?

A

Sitka Spruce, Norway Spruce, Western Hemlock, Western Red Cedar, Scots Pine, Douglas Fir

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6
Q

Why do we use Sitka Spruce so often?

A

Sitka spruce wood properties and performance has been tested by the timber industry for over 90 years.

It is a hardy, fast growing crop, and is less susceptible to disease compared to other species. If managed well, it can grow tall and with minimal branches, creating good sawlogs

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7
Q

Talk me through the information you need to provide when submitting an FPA?

A
  1. Need to show you have consulted with locals
  2. Consult with local roads department and add comment
  3. Consult with local tenant/owners in support
  4. Provide location map, restock map and felling map (grid references)
  5. Description of what species/area are to be felled and what species/area are to be replanted
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8
Q

What tree species does Phytopthora Ramorum impact? Can this impact the value of the Crop?

A

PR impacts Larch and can cause reduction in value due to:
1. Deterioration of timber quality (e.g. butt rot)
2. Reduced yield
3. Sawmills less attracted as they have to sterilise equipment after cutting

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9
Q

What is a Riparian Zone?

A

Riparian is the interface between land and river/stream. You can grow Riparian woodland along this area to improve water habitat and reduce water temperature

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10
Q

What recent changes have taken place in the UK Forestry Standard?

A

1st October 2024 update:

  • 65% of one species is max, dropped from 75%
  • Plant broadleaves right up to watercourse edge, previously 5m
  • Conifer option expanded to include 40% ‘other’ confiders
  • Increased grant rate no longer available for Diverse Conifer
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11
Q

What is the rough National Price in Scotland for Green, Pallet and Chipwood Logs?

A

£75-85/tn (Green)
£65-70/tn (Pallet)
£60-65/tn (Chipwood)

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12
Q

Why do you have an obligation to restock?

A

Forestry Act 1967, you are required to re-stock woodland and provide a FPA before felling. It is a permanent land use change.

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13
Q

Who are Scottish Forestry and what is their purpose?

A

SF are a Scottish Government agency and are the ‘competent authority’ for forest policy, support and regulations

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14
Q

What is the rough National Price in Scotland for Hardwood Logs?

A

Machine size - £100-110/tn
Oversize - £80/tn

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15
Q

You mentioned EIA in your submission, what legislation Governs this?

A

The Forestry (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Scotland) Regulations 2017

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16
Q

How does sensitive areas impact EIA thresholds?

A

Sensitive areas reduce the threshold of EIAs as shown below:

Afforestation
Sensitive - 2ha
Not - 20ha

Deforestation
Sensitive - 0.5ha
Not - 1ha

Forest Roads
Sensitive - No threshold
Not - 1 ha

Quarries
Sensitive - No threshold
Not - 1 ha

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17
Q

What H&S measures did you take at the felling sites you managed?

A
  • I ensured signage was in place and site segregated
  • Informed local farmer and community group of works date
  • CDM Phase plan
  • RAMS
  • Pre-start checklist and meeting
  • Contractors working in a team, could supervise each other and risk assess while operating
18
Q

Who reviews EIAs and requests them?

A

Scottish Forestry will review and request EIAs

19
Q

What documentation is required for Scottish Forestry before they can approve a Woodland Creation

A

Before you plant woodland, SF require an EIA determination form which details measures and investigations by the consultant to enable SF to make a decision on whether an EIA is required or not.

20
Q

Why do EIAs exist?

A

EIAs are required to identify the potential risks and impacts of a project to the existing environment and human infrastructure.

21
Q

What is Natural Capital?

A

Natural capital is the value of natural assets/stocks; including geology, soil, air, water, and all living organisms.

Natural capital supports the social and environmental aspects of our planet, highlighting the interconnectedness between nature and human activity.

22
Q

What is the difference between a PIU and a WCU for example?

A

Pending Issuance Unit (PIU) - a unit which can be sold prior to delivering a project, but is a ‘promise to deliver a validated carbon unit.’ It has a lower value and can be used to help cash flow of a project.

Woodland Carbon Unit (WCU) - a verified unit which has successfully sequestered the agreed quantify of carbon. They can be used by businesses to offset their emmissions.

23
Q

Please can you name some common designations you would expect to see in Scotland?

A

RAMSAR, SAC, SPA, NSA, National Parks, SSSI

24
Q

What is a national designation?

A

They have the highest degree of designation and importance to conserve (e.g SSSI, SAC)

25
Q

Where do you find information on specific/individual SSSIs for instance?

A

NatueScot website - look for the ‘Operations Requiring Consent Form’ which details limitations and consents required.

26
Q

How are RICS members expected to treat the Natural Environment?

A

As an RICS member, I need to take into account the impact of my actions and decisions on the surrounding Environment.

I also need to manage the environment in a holistic manner, showing respect, for the wider benefit of the local economy and society.

27
Q

When did SEPA experience a cyber attack?

A

24 December 2020

28
Q

How can SEPA enforce penalties when environmental offenses are committed?

A

The Environmental Regulation (Enforcement Measures) (Scotland) Order 2015

29
Q

What are the different penalties which SEPA can enforce?

A

Fixed Monetary Penalty (FMP):
-Either £300, £600 or £1000 set in Law. Used when there is no direct harm, or lasting effects.

Variable Monetary Penalty (VMP):
-Used for more severe, long lasting offenses, but do not need to be reported to the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service
-VMP takes into account seriousness/nature of offense + aggravating factors - mitigating factors
- Typically £1,000 +

30
Q

What is the initial planting payment rate in the FGS for the standard area conifer option?

A

£1,920/ha (excl annual maintenance)

31
Q

What is the initial planting payment rate in the FGS for the standard area broadleaves option?

A

£2,880/ha (excl annual maintenance)

32
Q

What is WANE and when was it introduced?

A

Wildlife and Natural Environment (Scotland) Act 2011

33
Q

What section of WANE outlines non-native species?

A

Section 14

34
Q

What are some of the Key changes introduced by the WANE Act?

A
  • Vicarious liability for landowners/sporting managers where a crime is committed they can be held liable
  • Closed season for Mountain Hares
  • New Regime for controlling Invasive non-native species
    -Strengthened badger protection
  • Snare type, training, ID number, Inspected no more than 24 hour intervals, appropriate record keeping.
  • Increased provisions on deer control (via NatureScot) who are to issue a code of practice
35
Q

What does a SSSI protect, and why?

A

It provides protection for the best examples of our flora, fauna, geological significance, habitats and species

36
Q

What is Natura 2000 and what designations are included within this?

A

The Bird Directive - protects birds and their habitats

The Habitat Directive - Protection of habitat for specific species and variety of other animals (not just birds)

EU legislation

37
Q

What regulations were introduced to protect Scotland’s watercourses, and their environments?

A

The Water Environment (Controlled Activities) (Scotland) Regulations 2011

38
Q

What is the 3 stage approach for non-native species and where is this documented?

A

It is documented in the NatureScot Code of practice for Non Native Species.

This practice was a requirement from Naturescot following the WANE Act 2011

3 stage approach is:
1. Prevention
2. Rapid Response (eradication)
3. Control and containment

39
Q

How does SEPA implement C.A.R?

A

3 tier authorisation process:

Tier 1 = General Binding Rules
Tier 2 = Registration Application
Tier 3 = Simple & Complex licensing

40
Q
A

APC - CK (11 decks)

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