*Management Of SZ Flashcards
What are token economies used for?
Reward systems used to manage behaviours
Who conducted the first trial of a token economy?
Ayllon and Azrin
What happens when a participant carries out a task in a token economy?
They are given a token
What can tokens be exchanged for in a token economy?
Privileges such as watching a film
In which decades were token economies widely used in the UK?
1960s and 1970s
What is a key rationale for implementing token economies?
To modify maladaptive behaviours developed during prolonged hospitalisation
What are some behaviours that may not be maintained during institutionalization?
- Good hygiene
- Social skills
- Condition related behaviours (apathy)
How are desirable behaviours decided in a token economy?
On an individual basis
What do patients receive immediately after carrying out a desired behaviour?
A coloured disc (token)
What is a key characteristic of tokens in a token economy?
Tokens have no value themselves
Why are delayed rewards less effective in a token economy?
Tokens are given as soon as possible after the desired behaviour
What type of behaviour modification are token economies based on?
Operant conditioning
What role do tokens play in a token economy?
Act as secondary reinforces
What do meaningful rewards act as in a token economy?
Primary reinforces
What did Glowacki et al identify about token economies?
7 high quality studies showed a reduction in negative symptoms and unwanted behaviours
What is a limitation of the studies on token economies?
7 studies isn’t a significant amount
What ethical issue arises from the use of token economies?
Gives professionals the power to control behaviours
What happens to individuals who cannot take care of themselves in a token economy?
They may lose out on rewards
What is a challenge of maintaining token economies after leaving the hospital?
Target behaviours can no longer be monitored
What alternative to token economies did Chiang find to be effective?
Art therapy
What are the benefits of art therapy compared to token economies?
High gain, low risk method and pleasant experience
True or False: Token economies have no ethical abuses.
False
