management and leadership Flashcards
what is management ?
the process of setting objectives and making the most efficient use of financial, human and physical resources to achieve these objectives
what is management by objectives ?
to create joint objectives between management and employees and to provide feedback on the results
what does management by objectives involve ?
setting challenging but attainable objectives promotes motivation and empowerment of employees
what is included in the mbo model ?
- define corporate objectives
- set & align employee objectives
- monitor employee performance
- evaluate employee performance
- employee appraisal & feedback
- reward employee (if appropriate)
advantages of management by objectives :
- staff motivated as they are involved in goal setting
- employees working towards a clear objective
- better communication
- improved communication
- employee objectives are linked to corporate objectives
- achievement of goals linked to rewards
disadvantages of management by objectives :
- everyone must understand the corporate goals
- employees might not want to engage in the process
- the process is time consuming for especially for management
- management feedback and potential rewards must be meaningful
- goal setting can create a narrow focus for employees
theory x managers believe employees :
- are only motivated by money
- are inherently lazy
- shirk responsibility
- lack ambition
- need to be controlled
theory y managers believe employees :
- want to be involved
- are independent decision makers
- find work rewarding
- are driven and ambitious
- seek challenge and growth
what are the five different leadership styles ?
autocratic
paternalistic
bureaucratic
democratic
laissez-faire
what is autocratic leadership ?
when information and decision making are kept at the top of an organisation
one-way communication with the manager in complete control of everything from setting objectives through to allocating tasks
the employees are dependent upon the leader and compete obedience with their decisions is expected
when is autocratic leadership appropriate ?
when a business is facing a crisis and decisions need to be made quickly
how can autocratic leadership demotivate staff ?
for staff members that feel no involvement in the decision making process which can encourage high levels of labour turnover
what is democratic leadership ?
looks to operate through two-way communication, consultation and delegation
how are higher levels of motivation generated through democratic leadership ?
staff are involved in many aspects of decision making
how does democratic leadership take up large quantities of time ?
management time and training is often needed to ensure that subordinates are able to cope with the tasks that are delegated to them
