man 336 exam 2 vocab Flashcards
communication
the process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior
sender
the person initiating a communication
encode
the translation of ideas into workds
medium
the method used to convey a sender’s message
receiver
the person who a message is intended to reach
decode
the process of assigning meaning to a received message
noise
anything that interferes with or distorts the message being transmitted
filtering
the distortion or withholding of information to manage a person’s reaction
selective perception
personal filtering of what we see and hear to suit our own needs
multitasking
refers to performing more than one activity at the same time
grapevine
the informal gossip network within a given organization
semantics
meaning of a word or phrase
jargon
set of acronyms or words unique to a specific group or profession
storytelling
narrative account of an event(s)
crucial conversations
discussions in which the stakes are high, opinions vary, and emotions run strong
public relations
professionals who create external communications about a client’s product, services, or practices for specific receivers
group
collection of individuals who interact with each other such that one person’s actions have an impact on the others
informal work groups
two or more individuals who are associated with one another in ways not prescribed by the formal organization
formal work groups
is made up of managers, subordinates, or both with close associations among group members that influence the behavior of individuals in the group
forming
stage when group comes together for the first time
storming
stage when participants focus less on keeping their guard up as they shed social facades, becoming more authentic and more argumentative
norming
stage when participants find it easy to establish their own ground rules (norms) and define their operating procedures and goals
performing
stage when participants are not only getting the work done, but they also pay greater attention to how they are doing it
adjourning
fifth and final stage latter added to Tuchman model where group separates
after-action review
meeting conducted at the end of a project or event, where team members discuss what went right, what went wrong, and what could have been done differently. aka retrospective meeting, debriefing meeting, or post mortem
punctuated equilibrium
theory that change within groups occurs in rapid, radical spurts rather than gradually over time
cohesion
degree of camaraderie within the group
similarity
the more similar group members are, the more likely the group will bond
stability
the longer the group stays together, the more cohesive it becomes
size
smaller groups tend to have higher levels of cohesion
support
when group members receive coaching and are encouraged to support their fellow team members, group identity strengthens
satisfaction
cohesion is correlated with how pleased group members are with each other’s performance, behavior, and conformity to group norms
groupthink
a group pressure phenomenon that creates a tendency to avoid a critical evaluation of ideas the group favors
social loafing
tendency of individuals to put in less effort when working in a group context
collective efficacy
a group’s perception of its ability to successfully perform well
process loss
any aspect of group interaction that inhibits group functioning
team
cohesive coalition of people working together to achieve mutual goals
production tasks
tasks that include actually making something such as a building, product, or marketing plan
idea-generation tasks
creative tasks such as brainstorming a new direction or creating a new process
problem-solving tasks
refers to coming up with plans for actions and making decisions
task interdependence
degree that team members are dependent upon one another to get information, support, or materials from other team members to be effective
pooled interdependence
team members work independently and combine their efforts to create the team’s output
sequential interdependence
in a team, when one person’s output becomes another person’s input
reciprocal interdependence
team members work together on each stage of a task
outcome interdependence
when the rewards that an individual receives depend on the performance of others
task force
type of temporary team that is asked to address a specific issue or problem until it is resolved
product development teams
a team in charge of designing a new product
cross-functional teams
teams that involve individuals from different parts of the organization
virtual teams
teams where members are not located in the same physical place
top management teams
teams appointed by the CEO and, ideally, reflect the skills and areas that the CEO consider vital for the company
traditional manager-led teams
teams where the manager serves as the team leader
self-managed teams
teams that manage themselves and do not report directly to a supervisor. instead, team members select their own leader, and they may even take turns in the leadership role
empowered teams
teams that have the responsibility as well as the authority to achieve their goals
norms
shared expectations about how things operate within a group or team
team contract
agreements on established ground rules, goals, and roles
group
collection of individuals performing similar tasks in that when added together, will help to further the overall goals of the group
team
a collection of individuals who work collaboratively and cooperatively to achieve commonly-held goals or visions
groupthink
when information that would run counter to established ways of thinking and acting in a team, and associated minority dissent, are essentially shut down or ignored by the majority
free-riding/social loafing
phenomenon whereby some members of a team may work less diligently or with less effort toward team goals simply because they realize that there are others in the team who will pick up the slack
shared leadership
mutual influence and shared responsibility among team members, whereby they lead each other toward the team’s goals
virtual team
a team that is geographically distributed, oftentimes relatively temporary in nature, and largely dependent on virtual media for communication purposes
conflict
a process that involves people disagreeing
intrapersonal conflict
conflict that arises within a person
interpersonal conflict
a type of conflict between two people
intragroup conflict
conflict that takes place among members of a group
intergroup conflict
conflict that takes place among different groups, such as different departments or divisions in a company, or between union and management, or between companies, such as companies who supply the same customer
in-group bias
the tendency to favor the group to which one belongs
conflict management
resolving disagreements effectively
avoiding
an uncooperative and unassertive conflict-handling style
accommodating
a cooperative and unassertive conflict-handling style
compromising
a middle-ground conflict handling style, in which a person has some desire to express their own concerns and get their way but still respects the other person’s goals as well
