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Surgical Oncology > Mammary Tumours and Urogenital Tumours > Flashcards

Mammary Tumours and Urogenital Tumours Flashcards

1
Q

Sex predispositon for mammary tumours in cats and dogs?

A

Female entire

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2
Q

Which species is most frequently affected by mammary tumours?

A

Dogs

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3
Q

What proportion of all tumours arising in the bitch are mammary tumours?

A

50%

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4
Q

In which species are mammary tumours more often malignant?

A

Feline

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5
Q

What are associated with an increased risk of mammary gland tumours in intact or ovariohysterectomised dogs:
A) Diet?
B) Obesity (2)

A

A) Red meat diet
B) obesity at 1 year and 1 year before diagnosis

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6
Q

Which mammary glands are more commonly involved?

A

2 posterior glands

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7
Q

What are the 4 classifications of canine mammary gland tumours according to WHO?

A

carcinomas (with six types and additional subtypes);
sarcomas (four types);
carcinosarcomas (mixed mammary tumours);
benign adenomas.

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8
Q

Staging system for canine mammary adenocarcinomas are newly staged according to (4)

A
  • invasiveness;
  • pT (pathological tumour size: greatest diameter in millimeters on HES-stained histological slides);
  • LVI (lymphovascular invasion: the presence of tumor emboli within lymph and/or blood vessels- which precedes nodal metastasis);
  • pN (pathological nodal stage confirmed by cytokeratin AE1/AE3 immunohistochemistry [vs clinical nodal stage]).
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9
Q

Mammary tumour, stage 0:
A) Invasiveness
B) pT
C) LVI
D) pN

A

A) In situ
B) Any
C) -
D) -/unknown

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10
Q

Mammary tumour, stage 1:
A) Invasiveness
B) pT
C) LVI
D) pN

A

A) Invasive
B) <20mm
C) -
D) - /unknown

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11
Q

Mammary tumour, stage 2:
A) Invasiveness
B) pT
C) LVI
D) pN

A

A) Invasive
B) >20mm
C) -
D) -/unknown

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12
Q

Mammary tumour, stage IIIA:
A) Invasiveness
B) pT
C) LVI
D) pN

A

A) Invasive
B) ≤20 mm
C/D) +pN +/or + LVIzs

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13
Q

Mammary tumour, stage IIIB:
A) Invasiveness
B) pT
C) LVI
D) pN

A

A) Invasive
B) >20mm
C) +
D) +

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14
Q

Signalment for mammary tumours in cats?

A

FE
Older (11yr)

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15
Q

Which mammary glands are more commonly involved in cat tumour?

A

2 anterior or thoracic glands

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16
Q

What is the most common feline mammary tumour?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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17
Q

What staging system is used for mammary tumours in dogs and cats?

A

TMN

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18
Q

What % of tumours are malignant in cats?

A

90%

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19
Q

What behaviour with a mammary tumour helps to determine prognosis?

A

Rate of growth

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20
Q

What grading system is used for cytology of mammary mass?

A

Robinsons grading

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21
Q

What does the robinsons grading system evaluate?

A
  • Hypercellularity
  • Variable cellular size and shape (pleomorphism, anisocytosis, macrocytosis)
  • Variable nuclear size and shape (anisokaryosis, macrokaryosis)
  • Increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio; large, prominent or multiple nucleoli
  • Nuclear molding
  • Chromatin clearing, chromatin clumping
  • Presence of abnormal multinucleated cells
    Mitotic figures.
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22
Q

What is the effect of spaying at the same times as mammary mass removal?

A

noene

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23
Q

What is described?

Performed for small nodules <0.5 cm that are firm and superficial. Incomplete margins are acceptable for benign lesions but if malignant, re-excision to achieve clean margins is warranted.

A

Lumpectomy

24
Q

What is described?
Removes the whole gland is used for centrally located tumours, >1 cm, or with any degree of fixation to skin. Skin and abdominal wall fascia should be removed if involved. For malignant lesions, margins of 1–2 cm of grossly normal tissue are generally adequate.

A

Mammectomy

25
Q

What is described?
As for mammectomy with several glands removed together for ease of surgery (e.g., glands 1, 2 and 3 together or glands 4 and 5 together). The inguinal lymph node is usually removed en bloc with glands 4 and 5. The axillary lymph node is only removed if enlarged or cytologically positive for metastasis.

A

Regional mastectomy

26
Q

What is described?
Performed to achieve multiple lumpectomies with greater ease and rapidity. It does not improve survival compared with multiple lumpectomies or mammectomies (MacEwen et al. 1985).

A

unilateral 1-5 mastectomy

27
Q

What is described?
This entails considerable morbidity, time and money and does not change survival, compared to multiple mammectomies/lumpectomies.

A

Bilateral - radical mastectomy

28
Q

How effective is chemotherapy in mammary tumours?

A

Not been shown to be

29
Q

What effects do Cyclooxygenase inhibitors (e.g., deracoxib) have on malignant tumours?

A
  • antiangiogenic
  • antitumour
30
Q

What single agent is beneficial in treating inflammatory mammary carcinomas in dogs?

A

NSAID - prioxicam

31
Q

In cats a median survival time of 6months is associated with what mammary tumour size?

32
Q

What is the origin of most vaginal/vulva tumours?

A

mesenchymal

33
Q

What tumour is seen in older (10-11yr) FE which accounts for 85% of all vulva/vaginal tumours?

34
Q

What production is associated with the growth of a leiomyoma?

35
Q

What is the most common malignant vulva/vaginal tumours?

A

Leiomyosarcomas

36
Q

Leiomyosarcomas:
A) Invasive?
B) Met rate?

A

A) Locally
B) Slow

37
Q

What readings must be taken prior to surgical excision or vaginal/vulva masses?

A

PCV
Total solids

38
Q

During vaginal/vulva neoplasia removal; what other surgical removal should be performed?

39
Q

How is the vagina exposed during surgery?
- retroflex
- attachments

A

The bladder is retroflexed to gain exposure to the vagina and associated structures. The fascial and peritoneal attachments between the vagina and the rectum within the rectogenital pouch are resected.

40
Q

The attachment between the vagina and the urethra within the A) pouch is carefully dissected avoiding any disruption of the B) aspect of the urethra and the periurethral tissues.

A

A) vesicogenital
B) craniolateral

41
Q

How are stay sutures utilised during vaginal mass surgery?

A

A transfixing 3.5 metric monofilament (polypropylene or similar) stay suture with a large loop can be anchored through all layers of the cranial opening of the vagina; the loop of the suture then being passed into the vaginal lumen.

42
Q

n the lower urinary tract, primary neoplasms are more likely to be A) than B)

A

A) Malignant
B) Benign

43
Q

Among primary malignant tumours of the lower urinary tract, ???? are most frequently diagnosed

A

transitional cell carcinoma

44
Q

Breed pre disposition for a TCC?

A

Scottish terrier

45
Q

TCC:
A) What therapy prior to has it been linked to?
B) What chemical is there an association with? (2)

A

A) cyclophosphamide
B) Herbicide and insecticide

46
Q

Where do TCC metastasise to? (2)

47
Q

What imaging is needed to determine location and extent of the tumour? (3)

A
  • Cystourethrogram
  • retrograde urethrogram
  • U/S
48
Q

How is a TCC definitive diagnosis made?

49
Q

A positive A) test result can be considered as diagnostic for urothelial (or prostatic) carcinoma in dogs.

A

BRAF mutation

50
Q

What can be found with a TCC on rectal exam? (3)

A

Urethral and trigonal thickening
Mass effect
Sublumbar lymphadenopathy.

51
Q

How should urine be collected for TCC?

A

To reduce the risk of neoplastic seeding (though relatively rare), urine may be obtained via voiding or catheterisation rather than cystocentesis.

52
Q

What is a common 2ry problem with a TCC?

53
Q

What is the mainstay of tx for tcc?

A

Systemic medical therapies including chemotherapy agents and COX inhibitors (NSAIDs

54
Q

response of tcc to chemo?

55
Q

Side effects of radiotherapy with tcc? (5)

A

Pollakiuria
Urinary incontinence
Cystitis
Stranguria
Hydronephrosis.

Surgical Oncology (10 decks)

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