Mammals

Question 1

general characteristics of mammals

Answer 1

body covered with hair
great variety of integumentary glands
endothermic
dioecious 
highly developed olfactory sense 
highly developed brains
most are vivparous  placental

Question 2

where are amniotes most adapted to staying

Answer 2

on land

Question 3

aquatic mammals

Answer 3

may depend fully on aquatic conditions
their ancestors where terrestrial
they still have the general characteristics of mammals
breathe aur
their skeletons are similar to mammals than fish

Question 4

3 mammals groups

Answer 4

Monotremes: egg-laying mammals e,g plata[cij
marsupials: pouched mammals
placentral mammals:

Question 5

roles of the integumentary system

Answer 5

Protection.

comprises: Skin, appendages, hair, scales. feathers, nails, horns antlers

Question 6

what is the only know mammal with keratin scales

Answer 6

pangolin

you can tell its a mammal because it has a hairy ventral side

Question 7

diverse uses of hair

Answer 7

all animals with hair are mammals
concealment 
behavioral signaling 
water proofing
buoyancy
thermal insulation

Question 8

cetaceans

Answer 8

entirely aquatic mammals
e.g whales, dolphins and porpoises
sensory bristles are on their snouts(lost before o shortly after birth)

Question 9

two kinds of hair in mammals

Answer 9

underhair: soft and dense (insulation)
guard hair: longer and coarse(protection)
in aquatic mammals underhair is dense and does not get wet
guard hair gets wet

Question 10

what is hair made out of

Answer 10

dead epidermal cells containing keratin ( fibrous structural protein

Question 11

shedding in mammals

Answer 11

hair is shed and regrown through out growth

2 annual molts: spring and fall

Question 12

examples of modified hair

Answer 12

porcupine quills

whiskers on snouts: specialised for tactile sensing

Question 13

horns

Answer 13

have 2 parts:
interior bone 
sheath or keratin
they are not shed
not branched ( used for interaction)

Question 14

Family Bovidae

Answer 14

family of mammals with horns

Question 15

Antlers

Answer 15

made of solid bone and not keratin
shed (grown in the spring and shed after breeding season
branched
used for social interaction

Question 16

Family cervidae

Answer 16

have antlers, mostly males

Caribou are an exception

Question 17

4 classes of glands

Answer 17

sweat
scent
sebaceous
mammary

Question 18

gland

Answer 18

an organ or group of cells that secrets a substance that is used or exctreted by the body

Question 19

Sweat

Answer 19

occur over much of the body surface

Question 20

types of sweat glands

Answer 20

eocrine glands: secrete a watery fluid which evaporated on the skin and cause cooling
these occur in hairless regions in most mammals
Apocrine glands: milky fluid that dries on skin an forms film
opens into hai folicles

Question 21

Scent glands

Answer 21

used for communication marking territory, warning and defense
Most mustelids have the scent glands that open by duct to the anus

Question 22

sebaceous glands

Answer 22

usually associated with hair follicles
secrete a greasy mixtture called sebum into hair follicles
cover the entire body of most mammals
in humans foun on the scalp and face

Question 23

mammay glands

Answer 23

Produce milk
occur on all female mammals
secreted via nipples
monotremes lack nipples and the milk is secreted on the fur of the mothers belly

Question 24

what group of mammals lack nipple

Answer 24

monotremes and milk is secreted on fur of belly

Question 25

for trophic categories of feeding in mammals

Answer 25

insectivores: feed on insects or small nvertebrates

carnivores
omnivores
herbivore

Question 26

characteristics of insectivores

Answer 26

feed on smalls insects or invertebrates
tend to be small
short intestinal tract
teeth with pointed cusps for piercing exoskeleton

Question 27

Herbivorous mammals

Answer 27

feed on grasses and other vegetation

Canines are absent or reduced in size

Question 28

two main groups of herbivores

Answer 28

browsers and grazers : hooved mammals

Gnawers: many rodents (have chisel sharp incisors

Question 29

adaptations for herbivorous diet

Answer 29

have anaerobic bacteria and unicellular eukaryotes that produce cellulase in the gut
generally have long digestive tracts and need to eat a large quanity of food to survive

Question 30

Ruminatns

Answer 30

herbivores with a large 4 chambered stomach

grass passes to esophagus and is digested by microorganisms and then is sent back to be re chewed

Question 31

carnivorous

Answer 31

mainly feed on vertebrates 
shearing and piercing teeth
powerfull claws 
shorter digestive tract  because meat is more easily digested 
can survive a long time without food

Question 32

omnivorous mammals

Answer 32

use plants and animals for food
have teeth adapted for varied diets
they opportunistic

Question 33

territories

Answer 33

areas from which individuals of the same species are excluded

Question 34

How do mammals mark boundaries

Answer 34

secrections like:
sent glands
feces and urine
vary in size depending on size of the animal and its feeding habits

Question 35

advantages f territories

Answer 35

uninterrupted mating
reduced competetio for food
reduce overcrowding

Question 36

Home range

Answer 36

a larger foraging area surrounding a defended territory

can overlap with other individuals of the same species

Question 37

taxonomy of mammals

Answer 37

29 recognized oders
phylum chordata
class mammalia

Question 38

three main branches of the orders

Answer 38

Prototheria ( monotremes): oviporous mammals
theria (marsupials)
IInfraslass eutheria (placentrral mammals)