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Diversity of life > Mammal diversity and evolution - Week 21 > Flashcards

Mammal diversity and evolution - Week 21 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 mammal groupings?

A
  • Monotremata (prototheria)
  • Marsupialia (metatheria)
  • Placentailia (Eutheria)
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2
Q

What are some general mammal characteristics?

A
  • Backbone, insulated with fur, nurse with milk, unique jaw articulation
  • Teeth replaced once or never, prismatic enamel on teeth
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3
Q

What are the sections of the mammary glands?

A
  • Mammae = mammary glands = Milk production (these are modified sweat glands)
  • Mammillae = nipple/ teat = milk delivery
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4
Q

What are mammals unique jaw articulation?

A
  • Dentary meets squamosal bone in skull

- AKA, lower jaw only has one bone

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5
Q

Who evolved first, mammals or birds?

A

Mammals, 160 mya, amniote ancestor with reptiles

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6
Q

Where did first mammal-like features first appear?

A 
300 mya, subclass synapsid
- Limbs carried below body, enables rapid locomotion,
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7
Q

What were the first mammal niches?

A
  • Insectivorous, nocturnal
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8
Q

Monotremes characteristics?

A
  • Retain reptilian features, lay in brood egg, single discharge hole (cloaca), infants lap milk from mammary glands
  • Platypus, has venom from gene duplication
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9
Q

Theria characteristics?

A

Similar tooth patterns to marsupials

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10
Q

What occurred with marsupial adaptive radiation?

A
  • Evolved in pangaea, then move to north America, then spread all over
  • Once isolated, underwent considerable adaptive radiation
  • Many marsupials went extinct once they started co-living with eutherians
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11
Q

Name some examples of ecological equivalents?

A
  • Sugar glider, independently evolved gliding behaviour
  • Tasmanian devil, many marsupial equivilants
  • Spotted hyenia, many marsupial equivalents
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12
Q

How does Marsupial reproduction differ from Eutherian?

A
  • Have placenta, but only loose contact with foetus
  • Shorted gestation
  • New borns poorly developed but can crawl , can be integrated during lactation
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13
Q

What do you know about the opossum genome?

A
  • Advanced immune system, inherited building blocks from common ancestor
  • Most genetic innovations from regulatory DNA, and other non coding elements
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14
Q

The placentalia + Euthierians make up what?

A

Infraclass placentalia

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15
Q

What are the 4 superorders of placetital?

A
  • Afrotheria, elephants/ manatees
    breast cancer gene, trunk fused upper lip/ nose
  • Xenerthra
    pilose = ant eaters
    Cingulata = armadilos
    teeth reduced, claws on toes
  • Laurasiatheria
  • Euarchontoglires
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16
Q

How was pangae to the modern-day continents important?

A
  • Cruital for evolutionary radiation/ specialisation
17
Q

What are the classes of small mammals?

A
  • Lagomorpha, rodentia, eulipotyphia
18
Q

What are some key features of Eulipotyphia?

A
  • Noctournal, poor vision, good sense, small smooth brain, many teeth, cloaca, no scrotum
  • Shrew, emit ultra sonic clicks (crude echolocation)
  • Hedgehodgs/ moonrats, heterothermic
19
Q

What is the cost of being small?

A

High SA to volumw ratio
Have to eat own many everyday
High speed respiration

20
Q

What are some key features of lagomorphs?

A
  • Distinguished from rodents by peg teeth
  • Coprophagy
  • Prolific breeders
21
Q

What are some key features of rodentia?

A
  • simple teeth, big balls, social structure, have working caste
  • Workers and breeders, kin selection
  • Eurociality! Colonial
22
Q

What are the two orders of Ungulata?

How are they distunguied?

A
  • Perissodactyla, axis of foot 3rd toe, odd
  • Rhino, horses, tapirs
  • Artiodactyla, axis of foot 4th toe, even
  • Pig, deer, camels
23
Q

What do Artiodactyla contain?

A
  • The Ruminants, able to digest cellulose!
  • Deer and bovids
  • True deer have antlers!
24
Q

What are deers roar and horns for?

A

To attract females and scare males

25
Q

What are the laurasiatheria?

A

Carnivours

- Skulls adapted for killing/ crushing, large canines, lower moles form CARNASSIAL teeth for steering meat

26
Q

Special adaptations of silverback jackals?

A
  • Juveniles stay with parents to raise young
  • triple pup count with helpers
  • Higher survival rate
  • young can inherit parental territories

Diversity of life (10 decks)

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