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Diversity of life > Amphibians and reptiles - Week 20 > Flashcards

Amphibians and reptiles - Week 20 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 amphibian clades?

A
  • Caecilians (order apoda, gymnophiona)
  • Newts/ salamanders (Order urodela, caudata)
  • Frogs and toads (Order Anura, solientia/ batrachia)
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2
Q

When did amphibians start to diversify?

What timescales for each clade?

A

350 mya

  • Caecilians, 176/200 mya
  • Newts/ salamanders, 161/176 mya
  • Frogs and toads, 200/228 mya
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3
Q

What are Caecilians,

Characteristics:

Habitat:

Reproduction:

A

Characteristics: Elonggate without limbs/ limb gurdles, small eyes, 5-150cm, no ear openings, aquatic species have fins, retractable tentacles, carnivorous - grip n tare

Habitat: Moist forest/ freshwater, tropical

Reproduction: Internal fertilization, oviparous (3), viviparous scraping teeth epithelial lining obtain nutrients

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4
Q

What are Newts/ salamanders,

Characteristics:

Habitat:

Reproduction:

A

Characteristics: Generalised morphology, tails, entirely aquatic/ terrestrial, limbs equal length, walk side to side, bend body

Habitat: cooler northern temperate regions, tropical/ subtropical, South America, Asia

Reproduction: Eggs land/ water, larval stage aquatic only, fertilization mostly internal, male spermatophores collected by female cloaca

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5
Q

What are Frogs/ toads,

Characteristics:

Habitat:

Reproduction:

A

Characteristics: legs present in adults/ no tail, adapted jumping, hindlimbs larger, webbed feet, adults carnivorous, visual/ auditory commutation in breeding, large vocal sacs

Habitat: everywhere but extreme latitudes

Reproduction: Fertilization mostly external, most oviparous w aquatic eggs

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6
Q

Global distribution/ spatial diversity of amphibian causes?

A
  • Amphibian families linked to continental drift, diversity after this fragmentation
  • Rare marine dispersal events like floating rafts of vegetation carrying these species to new land masses
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7
Q

Thermal regulation techniques of amphibians?

A
  • They are ectothermic
  • Body temp matches the environment, small metabolic heat produced lost, cool temp allow time without food, bask on slopes for heat, water loss thru evaporation,
  • Salamanders -2/ 30 degrees
  • Frogs n toads -3/36 degrees
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8
Q

Water economy limitations/ facts/ adaptations?

A
  • 70/80% of body mass water, adults exchange water through the skin (cutaneous respiration), restricted to moist environments, delicate skin, aquatic excrete urine, terrestrial excrete urea/ uric acid,
  • Avoid the sun, moist shelter, live in water locations, reduce the surface area
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9
Q

Extreme adaptations of the spadefoot toad?

Reproduction?

Characteriests?

A
  • Dormant from august to july, rainfall, vibrations wake them and they mate, burrow in the day
  • Eggs laid, 9/10 day metamorphose, only active at night, adults and tadpoles different diet
  • No rain can live for 2 years, in hibernation nitrogenous waste converted to urea, then stored in tissues wich maintains osmatic flow in drier soils, can lose 40% of body water
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10
Q

Prey detection and capture adaptations?

A
  • Adults carnivorous, larvae can be herbivorous, planktivorous, opportunistic, no prey cross over advantage, vision for adults/ lateral line for larvae prey detections, prey caught w sticky propelled muscular tongue
  • Use vibrations in water along with call
  • Concealing colour in shapes, disrupted colouration, brighter males more aggressive
  • Some males evolved weapons
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11
Q

Amphibian adaptations for parental care examples?

A
  • Foam nest tree frogs: nests of air bubbles, twigs, leaves, over water, hatching fall into the water
  • Midwife toad: female expells eggs, male carries around w poison on back to repel predators, tadpoles develop in pond
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12
Q

Causes of globally threaten biodiversity loss of amphibians?

A
  • Overexploitation, habitat loss, enigmatic-decline, global warming
  • Chytrid fungi, BD, stops water uptake, global warming has increased cases
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13
Q

Monophyletic Amniotes are what sort of group in relation to the living amphibians?

A

Sister glade

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14
Q

The main benefit to the amniotic egg?

A

You don’t have to be near water

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15
Q

What are the eggs 4 extra-embryonic memebranes?

A
  • Amnion: membrane sac, around the embryo
  • Chorion, outer membrane, gas exchange
  • Allontois, an outgrowth of hindgut, nitrogenous waste
  • Yolk sac, butrients
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16
Q

What is the disadvantages to shelled eggs?

A

Temp more variable, internal fertilization, more parental care, energetically expensive

17
Q

What is in the reptile lineages?

What is in the synapsids lineages?

A
  • Turtles, crocs, birds, tuataras, squamates

- Only living mammals

18
Q

What does fenestra mean?

Anapsid?

Diapsid?

Synapsid?

A

Number of opening in the skull

Anapsid? No openings

Diapsid? 2 openings

Synapsid? 1 opening

19
Q

What are parareptiles?

A

Large stocky quadrupeds, plates on skin, died 200 mya

20
Q

Extant turtles shells are made of what?

Top shell?

Bottom shell?

Which evolved first?

A

Top shell? Carapace

Bottom shell? Plastron

Which evolved first? Carapace, possible to avoid predation from above?

21
Q

Who are the living diapsids?

A

Lepidosaurs (snakes), archosaurs (dinos n birds)

22
Q

What are lepidosaurs
What are some characteristics?
What are the two main lineages?

A

Snakes
Largest non-avian reptiles, reduction of limbs
Tuataras, squamata

23
Q

What are some of the tuatara’s characteristics?

A

evolved 220 mya, lizard like heavier skull, live in burrows w birds, slow reproduction - 4 years

24
Q

What are some of the Squamata characteristics?

A

evolved 240 mya, highly kinetic skull, legged/ legless, limb reduction,

25
Q

What are the archosaurs?

A

crocs/ birds
evolved 84 mya
alligatridae, crocodylidae, gavialidae

26
Q

How are crocs/ gharials saliva glands modified?

A

To excrete excess salt,

27
Q

Characteristics of reptile respiration?

A

Most reptiles have lungs
snake lungs are reduced, respiratory ventilation using rib movement
turtles use viscera to expell/ inhale air
-Some species can use other parts of body for absorption and elimination of O2, CO2

28
Q

Reptile thermal regulation characteristics?

The main benefit to temperature and longevity?

A
  • Ectotherms, require external heat source
  • can overheat in sun
  • Large species can use metabolic heat
  • Ectotherms can reduce metabolic rate, 10% of mammals,
29
Q

Reptile locomotion characteristics?

A

Lizards rapid locomotion, many reptiles can bipedal walk

30
Q

Have legs been lost mulitple times?

What would the benefits be?

A

Yes

Movement, small spaces, burrowing, coiling, defense, thermoregulation, pray constrict

31
Q

What are some different locomotion methods?

Lateral undulation?
Sidewinding?
Concertina?
Rectilinear?
Lassomovement?
A

Lateral undulation? move left to right pushing off environment

Sidewinding? Modified to push off environment

Concertina? Tunneling, half grip tunnel other half stretch

Rectilinear? belly lifted and pulled forward

Lassomovement? Lasso around and pull up

32
Q

How are gecko feet adapted to walk on water?

A

Adhesion between tips of setae and wall via van der wall forces with hydrophobic feet parts

33
Q

Reproductive adaptations of sea turtles?

A

Oviparous, no parential care, embryonic development 40-60, duel hatching preditor satiation

34
Q

How do alligators care for young?

A

Watch over eggs 65 day then a year after birth

35
Q

Croc prey adaptation?

A

Have dermal pressure receptors that allow finding prey/ preditors in the darkness on every scale on body

36
Q

Snake prey adaptation?

A

Tongue collects odour particels
jacobsons organ for short range
hestril for long rang
Snake jaws DO NOT detach

37
Q

Benefits of venom?

A 
Helps deal with larger prey
immbolisation and digestion
Neurotoxic: paralysis of respiratory
Haemolytic: blood cell brokendown 
Venom gland pancreatic origins
38
Q

Predator avoidance techniques?

A

Lizard shed tail, but reduces energy for reproduction
Use camouflage
mimicry
colours

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