Boney fish - Week 19

Question 1

Boney fish science name?

Answer 1

Osteichthyes

Question 2

Osteichthyes are split into two groups what are they and what are their names?

Answer 2

Actinopterygii - ray-finned fishes

Sarcopterygii - Lobe finned fishes

Question 3

What is in Sacropterygii?

Answer 3

Actinstia, Dipnoi, amphibia, reptilia, mammals

Question 4

What is in ray-finned fishes?

Answer 4

Chondrostei, holstei, teleostei

Question 5

Chondrostei characteristics?

Answer 5

secondary loss of bone cartilage
presence of spiracle
ganoid scale

Question 6

Holostei characterists?

Answer 6

spiracles present
ossified
ganoid scales

Question 7

Why are teleosts useful?

What is there medical importance?

Answer 7

• Mulitple transitions between marine and fresh water
• Model system for understanding speciation and adaption
• Manipulate gene in zebra fish, then extrapolate to other taxa
• easily manipulated eggs

Question 8

What is the importance of swim bladders?

Answer 8

• separates teleosts from other fish

- can adjust relative density, determining buoyancy

Question 9

How do teleosts adjust bouyancy?

Answer 9

Change ml in swim bladder

Question 10

Why swim bladders are open or closed (connected/ not connected)

Answer 10

Connect = fast moving

not connected = slow moving

Question 11

Buoyancy pros and cons

Answer 11

Pro: energically efficient, reduces drag
con: not ‘free’, no rapid depth changes

Question 12

What can modified sound bladders be used for?

Answer 12

Sound reception, weberian osicles

Sound production, sonic muscles

Question 13

Teleost skeleton benefits?

Answer 13

Made of cartilage + Ca phosphate, bone can withstand higher force

Question 14

Teleost muscles, red/ white?

Answer 14

Red muscle: more mitochondria, thin sheet muscle under skin, continuous aerobic swimming

White muscles: fibre run helically, anaerobic high speed ‘sprinting’

Question 15

Four types of teleost locomotion?

Answer 15

Anguilliform, subcarangiform, carangiform, thunniform

Question 16

Teleost tails used for?

Answer 16

Naturally buoyant, tail not needed for lift, homoerl tail for propulsion force

Question 17

Key fins to recognise:

Answer 17

medium fins = dorsal, anal, caudal, adipose

Pair fins = pelvic, pectorals

Question 18

Fins uses/ adaptations?

Answer 18

Sexual selection, lures, flying fish, gliding, generating lift, spines legs, bare weight for land walking, pelvic fins fused for sucked, protection/ prey capture venom

Question 19

What is a countercurrent system and why is it useful?

Answer 19

Enables more oxygen diffusion, o2 diffuses down pressure gradient
85% oxygen extracted

Question 20

What does diadromous mean?

Answer 20

able to change physiology between marine and fresh water

Question 21

What is a lateral line?
Superficial neuromasts?
Canal neuromasts?

Answer 21

Mechanoreceptive system, detect water movement

Detect changes to flow at the boundary layer

Detects pulses or water movement

Question 22

Lateral line evolution?

Answer 22

Causes head morphology change

Canel pore: morphology differs depending on food sources

Question 23

Boney fish jaws have what for:

Non teleost ray finned:

Teleosts:

Answer 23

Fused/ moveable maxilla and premacillia

Unfused moveable maxilla and premaxillia

Question 24

Advantages of protrusion jaw:

Answer 24

• 25/50% distance increase
• 40% attack velocity
• Increased swallowing

Shape and structure of jaw matches the diet and teeth

Question 25

Boney fish reproduction (most are):

Answer 25

- dioecious, two sexes - oviparous, egg laying - external fertilization - high fecundity, produce large number of eggs

Question 26

Teleosts sex changing?

Answer 26

- some do sequential hermaphroditism - female to male, protogynous hermophroditism, dominate male controls - protandrous hermophroditism, dominate female controls

Question 27

What is a true hermaphrodite?

Answer 27

Ovaries + testies active in individual

Question 28

What is parthenogenesis?

Answer 28

Females only, unfertilised eggs, pseudo-fertilisation, sperm from another species, triggers embryogenesis

Question 29

Reproduction frequency meanings Iteroparity: Semelparity:

Answer 29

- reproduce several times | - breed once then die

Question 30

``` Migrations and their meanings: Anadromous: Potadromous: Oceanodromous: Catadromous: ```

Answer 30

Anadromous: marine to freshwater Potadromous: entirely freshwater Oceanodromous: Entirely marine environment Catadromous: Fresh water to marine water

Question 31

European eel migration

Answer 31

europe - america - europe | leptocepalus - glass elver - pigmented elver - yellow eels - silver eels

Question 32

Coelacanths characterists:

Answer 32

Large fish (60kg +), fleshy fins, muscles outside body (like tetrapods)

Question 33

Dipnoi characteristics:

Answer 33

Powerful jaws, paired fins, central lobe w bone, lungs filled at surface, ventilation vary, survival to live in stagnant water, lungs possible pleiomorphic from gnathostomes

Question 34

What is aestivatoin?

Answer 34

state of dormancy or torpor during dry season, bite out mud, form mucus cocoon, breath thru mud tube, ventilate once an hour, survive 4/6 month