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Rel 106 > Mamm Phys Final > Flashcards

Mamm Phys Final Flashcards

1
Q

Sympathetic Receptors

A

Preganglionic: ACh to nicotinic

Postganglionic: adrenergic

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2
Q

Atropine

A

PS antagonist bc antimuscurinic

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3
Q

Isopoterenal

A

Beta agonist

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4
Q

Thromboxane

A

Stimulates platelet aggregation

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5
Q

Proteins in blood clotting

A

PAC converts prothrombin -> thrombin, thrombin combines with fibrinogen to make fibrin monomer -> polymer

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6
Q

Vitamin K

A

Used in clotting factors

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7
Q

Warfarin

A

Anticiagulent; antagonist of vitamin K

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8
Q

EDTA

A

Anticoagulent; Ca chelator

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9
Q

Plasminogen

A

Turns into plasmin, which breaks down fibrin

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10
Q

TPA

A

Tissue plasminogen activator, prevents clotting by causing fibrinolysis

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11
Q

Cardiac Output

A

blood pumped by heart; heart rate times stroke volume

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12
Q

Ionotropic chemicals

A

Affect contractility of the heart (positive= isoproterenol)

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13
Q

Chronotropic chemicals

A

Affect heart rate

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14
Q

Mean blood pressure

A

1/3 pulse pressure + diastolic blood pressure

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15
Q

Laminar flow

A

Blood moves through vessels in sheets

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16
Q

Reynolds number

A

(Rho x v x diameter)/n

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17
Q

Total peripheral resistance

A

CO= MABP/TPR

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18
Q

Stimulating sympathetic neurons in lung and arterioles

A

Arterioles: vasoconstriction
Lungs: bronchodilation

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19
Q

Stimulating parasympathetic nerves to lung and heart:

A

Lung: bronchoconstriction
Heart: decreases heart rate

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20
Q

Patency

A

Cartilage holds open airways

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21
Q

Positive inspiration

A

Increasing atm pressure to force air into lungs

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22
Q

Relate Pip to inspiration/expiration

A

Low Pip= inspiration, high Pip= expiration

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23
Q

Respiratory control center

A

Medulla

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24
Q

Chemicals that cause bronchoconstriction

A

Histamine, prostaglandin, thromboxane, leukotriene

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25
Q

Anatomical dead space

A

Where no gas exchange can occur; Va=(Vt-Vd)f

Includes low VQ ratios (shunt)

26
Q

Physiological dead space

A

Vpds= Vads + %volume not doing gas exchange

Includes high VQ ratios

27
Q

PS receptors

A

Preganglionic: ACh to nicotinic receptor on ganglion

Postganglionic: muscurinic

28
Q

Primary vs secondary active transport

A

Primary: uses ATP

secondary: paired with another ion thats going down its concentration gradient

29
Q

Myelin forming neuroglia in CNS vs PNS

A

CNS: oligodendrocytes

PNS: Schwann cells

30
Q

Nernst equation

A

.058log(out/in)

31
Q

Conduction speed equation

A

Lambda= sqrt (rm/ri)

Rm= resistance across diameter of an axon
Ri= resistance down length of an axon
32
Q

Neuromodulation vs neurotransmission

A

NM: NT starts a G protein pathway, metabotropic

NT: NT starts an AP, ionotropic

33
Q

What chemicals cause EPSP?

A

ACh, Glu

34
Q

What chemicals cause IPSP

A

Gly, GABA

35
Q

Small molecule NT vs peptide NT

A

Small: clear core, fast transmission

Peptide: dense core, slow transmission

36
Q

Ways/examples to inactivate NT

A

Reuptake into presynaptic cell or glial cell (serotonin)

Enzymatic breakdown (ACh)

Diffuse out of synaptic cleft (NE)

37
Q

Pre vs postsynaptic modulation

A

Pre: modulate Ca current around cell to change release machinery

Post: elongation of transmission timecourse

38
Q

Relate Erev and IPSP vs EPSP

A

If Erev= Vm, then no change

If Erev>Vm, then EPSP bc increases membrane potential

If Erev

39
Q

Electric vs Chemical synapse:

A

Electrical: fast, common in simple animals, excitatory, bidirectional, signal similar to presynaptic

Chemical: slow, common in complex animals, excitatory or inhibitory, unidirectional (bc Na gates), signal doesn’t have to be similar to presynaptic

40
Q

AP vs PSP

A

PSP: fast, decremental, ligand gated channels

AP: slow, all or none, voltage gated

41
Q

Substance P

A

Involved in nociception, activates ascending pathways to CNS

Inhibited by endogenous opiates

42
Q

NT not packaged in vesicles:

A

NO and CO

43
Q

Name the taste receptors and what they respond to:

A

Salt: na; sour: H+ and K+ Bitter: blocks K leak channels; Umami/Glu: calcium

44
Q

Detection of light:

A

Cells constantly try to send signal; dark= Glu (inhibitor) released, light= no Glu

45
Q

ON vs OFF cells

A

ON: distinguish btwn things that have a bright background

OFF: distinguish btwn things with a dark background

46
Q

Detection of sound:

A

Potassium enters the cell to get depolarization; role reversal of K and Na

47
Q

Role of calcium in muscle contraction

A

Ca binds troponin which releases tropomyosin from the actin, allowing contraction to occur

48
Q

Steps to cause muscle contraction:

A
  1. ACh released at neuromuscular junction (motor end plate) 2. Signal goes to T tubule 3. Release Ca from SR 4. Calcium binds troponin to release tropomyosin from actin 5. Muscle contraction 6. Ca gets pumped back in SR 7. Tropomyosin rebinds actin
49
Q

Gastrin

A

From g cells in stomach, increases stomach enzymes, decreases pH, increases stomach motility

50
Q

CCK

A

Cholecystokinin; increases secretion of bile, pancreatic enzymes, relaxes sphincter of oddi

51
Q

Secretin

A

Increases secretion of bile, pancreatic bicarbonate

52
Q

GIP

A

Gastric inhibitory peptide; increases insulin secretion

53
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

Secreted by parietal cells, binds with Vb12

54
Q

Pepsinogen secreted by:

A

chief cells

55
Q

G cells secrete:

A

Gastrin, which stimulates HCl secretion

56
Q

Enterochromaffin like cell secretes _ which does:

A

Histamine, stimulates gastric secretion

57
Q

D cells secrete _ which does:

A

Somatostatin, inhibits gastric acid secretion

58
Q

First phase of stomach fxn:

A

Cephalic phase: prepares stomach to receive food, directed by vagus nerve, accelerates gastric juices

59
Q

Second phase of stomach fxn:

A

Gastric: homogenize and acidify chyme, stimulated by presence of chyme, histamine regulates it

60
Q

Third phase of gastric emptying

A

Intestinal: controls rate of chyme entering duodenum, stimulated by: low pH, presence of fatty acid, chyme, or irritants in stomach

Rel 106 (5 decks)

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