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ClinMed II Exam #4 GI > Malnutrition/Vitamin & Mineral Deficiences > Flashcards

Malnutrition/Vitamin & Mineral Deficiences Flashcards

1
Q

Which energy providing nutrients does our body need to maintain optimal health?

A

Protein, fats, carbs

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2
Q

What other nutrients does the body require?

A

Vitamins, minerals, water

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3
Q

Relationship for energy and maintaining stable weight?

A

Energy input should = energy output

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4
Q

What is energy output?

A

Physical activity, resting energy expenditure, energy cost of metabolizing food, shivering thermogenesis

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5
Q

Normal nutrient requirements will change depending on what?

A

Sex, age, activity level, stress, disease state

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6
Q

What is the nutrient that is the main source of fuel?

A

Carbs (easily used by body for energy)

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7
Q

Where are carbohydrates stored in the body?

A

Liver and muscle for later use

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8
Q

What foods are carbohydrates found in?

A

Grains, potatoes, fruits, milk, vegetables

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9
Q

What is the importance of protein in nutrients?

A

Needed for growth, tissue repair/immune function, energy source when carbs not available, preserves lean muscle mass

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10
Q

What food is protein found in?

A

Meats, poultry, fish, cheese, milk, nuts

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11
Q

What is the importance of fat in nutrients?

A

Some needed for survival, normal growth/development, absorbs some vitamins, cushion for organs

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12
Q

What food is fat found in?

A

Meat, poultry, nuts, dairy, butter, oil

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13
Q

What allows people to regulate core temperature?

A

Body water

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14
Q

Water allows for transport of what in the body?

A

Nutrients, oxygen, waste

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15
Q

What happens to body water amount during aging?

A

Decreases with aging

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16
Q

Water accounts for how much of an infant’s weight?

A

75%

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17
Q

Water accounts for how much of a young adult’s weight?

A

60%

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18
Q

Water accounts for how much of a 50 year old adult’s weight?

A

50%

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19
Q

Malnutrition contributes to what percentage of all deaths in children under 5 years of age?

A

45%

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20
Q

According to the World Health Organization, 80% of the world’s undernourished children live in how many countries around the world?

A

Just 20 countries

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21
Q

In the U.S., a conservative estimate is that 20% of the population, if not actually malnourished, is what?

A

Chronically or intermittently food insecure (affects both rural and urban populations)

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22
Q

According to the WHO, how many adults are overweight or obese globally?

A

1.9 billion

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23
Q

According to the WHO, how many adults are underweight globally?

A

462 million

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24
Q

Globally in 2020, how many children under 5 were estimated to be stunted (too short for age)?

A

149 million

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25
Q

Globally in 2020, how many children under 5 were estimated to be wasted (too thin for height)?

A

45 million

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26
Q

Globally in 2020, how many children under 5 were estimated to be overweight/obese?

A

38.9 million

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27
Q

How many deaths among children under 5 are linked to undernutrition?

A

45%

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28
Q

Where do deaths among children under 5 linked to undernutrition mostly occur?

A

Low and middle income countries

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29
Q

What is also rising in low and middle income countries?

A

Childhood overweight/obesity

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30
Q

How many direct causes pf malnutrition?

A

Two (primary and secondary)

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31
Q

Primary cause of malnutrition?

A

Inadequate food intake

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32
Q

Secondary cause of malnutrition?

A

Underlying disease such as HIV/AIDS

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33
Q

Indirect causes of malnutrition?

A

Poverty, poor health conditions, war, discrimination, governmental, lack of knowledge

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34
Q

What % of body weight loss is usually tolerated without loss of physiologic function?

A

5-10%

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35
Q

Loss of 35-40% of body weight usually results in what?

A

death

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36
Q

Malnutrition affects which organ systems?

A

All of them

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37
Q

Malnutrition causes what to be stunted?

A

Physical and mental growth

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38
Q

A deficiency of what decreases protein synthesis in all tissues (pathophys of malnutrition) ?

A

Dietary amino acids

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39
Q

Pressure changes that can result in generalized edema is caused by a lack of what (pathophys of malnutrition) ?

A

Sufficient plasma proteins

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40
Q

Deficiency of dietary amino acids/protein synthesis and lack of sufficient plasma proteins/generalized edema leads to what (pathophys of malnutrition)?

A

Loss of K+, liver swelling, pancreatic atrophy, reduced bone density, impaired renal function, muscle wasting

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41
Q

Values for underweight?

A

BMI < 18.5 and/or recent loss of > or = 10% usual body mass

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42
Q

What could cause poor intake of nutrition?

A

Anorexia, food avoidance (psychiatric, etc.), NPO status >5 days

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43
Q

What could cause protracted nutrient losses?

A

Malabsorption, enteric fistulas, draining abscesses/wounds, renal dialysis

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44
Q

What are some hypermetabolic states that could cause weight loss/malnutrition?

A

Sepsis, protracted fever, extensive trauma/burns

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45
Q

Malnutrition/weight loss can be caused by alcohol abuse and use of what drugs?

A

Drugs with anti-nutrient or catabolic properties: steroids, antimetabolites (ex. methotrexate), immunosuppressants, anti-tumor agents

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46
Q

Other factors that may contribute to malnutrition?

A

Impoverishment, isolation, advanced age

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47
Q

Labs for malnutrition screening?

A

CBC, CMP, LFTs, pre-albumin/albumin, TIBC, serum & 24hr creatinine, prothrombin time, BUN, Vitamin & mineral levels

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48
Q

Testing for malnutrition is specific to what?

A

Suspected disease entity

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49
Q

Tools for assessing for malnutrition?

A

Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), Malnutrition Screening tool (MST)

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50
Q

MNA score for normal nutritional status?

A

24-30 points

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51
Q

MNA score for risk of malnutrition?

A

17-23.5 points

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52
Q

MNA score for malnourishment?

A

<17 points

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53
Q

MST score that does not have a risk of malnutrition?

A

<2 (0-1)

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54
Q

MST score that is at risk of malnutrition?

A

> or = 2 (2-5)

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55
Q

Differential diagnosis for malnutrition?

A

Malignancy, chronic inflammatory state, infectious illness, metabolic disorder, med related, self induced/physchiatric, aging, poverty/famine/neglect

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56
Q

Treatment for malnutrition?

A

Tx underlying process, diet modification, replenish micronutrients, referrals

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57
Q

What are the two major types of protein energy malnutrition?

A

Marasmus/Cachexia
and
Kwashiorkor/Protein calorie malnutrition

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58
Q

What is marasmus?

A

Starvation related malnutrition

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59
Q

What happens in marasmus?

A

All available body fat stores exhausted from starvation, decreased energy intake
(seen when adequate food supply not available)

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60
Q

How long can marasmus take to develop?

A

May take months to years

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61
Q

Can marasmus be a chronic state?

A

Yes

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62
Q

What involves weight loss from muscle mass due to chronic systemic inflammation?

A

Cachexia

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63
Q

What is an example of a condition that could cause marasmus?

A

anorexia

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64
Q

What is an example of a condition that could cause cachexia?

A

COPD

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65
Q

Clinical appearance of Marasmus?

A

Starved skin and bones appearance, head appears large w/ staring gaze, absolute weakness

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66
Q

Weight values in Marasmus?

A

<80% standard for height

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67
Q

Triceps skinfold value in marasmus?

A

< 3mm

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68
Q

Mid-arm muscle circumference is marasmus?

A

<115 mm (severe)

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69
Q

Bradycardia, hypotension, and hypothermia are present in which malnutrition condition?

A

Marasmus

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70
Q

What is Cachexia?

A

Chronic disease related malnutrition

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71
Q

Lab findings for Marasmus?

A

Relatively unremarkable
(low creatinine height index from loss of muscle mass, slight decrease in serum albumin, iron deficiency anemia)

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72
Q

Treatment of Marasmus?

A

Cautious and slow, body needs to re-adapt, oral nutritional support preferred

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73
Q

What is Kwashiorkor?

A

Acute or injury related edematous malnutrition

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74
Q

What causes of Kwashiorkor?

A

Protein calorie malnutrition/decreased protein intake
*body has greater protein & energy demands while intake is limited

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75
Q

When does Kwashiorkor occur?

A

In acute life threatening illness (ex. sepsis, trauma), starvation states

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76
Q

Can there be a marasmus and kwashiorkor overlap with starvation states?

A

Yes

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77
Q

Clinical features of Kwashiorkor?

A

May be subtle at first, easy hair pluck, edema skin breakdown, poor wound healing, pot belly appearance

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78
Q

What causes pot belly appearance in Kwashiorkor?

A

Hepatomegaly

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79
Q

What kind of edema happens in Kwashiorkor?

A

Peripheral pitting, moon face

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80
Q

Lab findings with Kwashiorkor?

A

Drastic abnormalities:
serum albumin <2.8g/dL (4-6), electrolyte depletion, iron deficiency anemia

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81
Q

Treatment for Kwashiorkor is the same as what condition?

A

Marasmus

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82
Q

Treatment for trauma induced Kwashiorkor?

A

Aggressive nutritional support, restore metabolic balance quickly, parenteral nutrient replacement

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83
Q

Prognosis for trauma induced Kwashiorkor?

A

Poor with high mortality rate

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84
Q

Clinically significant involuntary weight loss (IWL) is a loss of what amount?

A

10 lbs or >5% of body weight over 6-12 months
*insidious (gradual, but w harmful effects)

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85
Q

What can involuntary weight loss (IWL) be a warning sign of?

A

Serious underlying disease (cancer)

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86
Q

IWL is seen in what % of the adult outpatient population?

A

8%

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87
Q

IWL is seen in what % of frail people aged 65+?

A

27%

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88
Q

IWL is associated with what?

A

Increased mortality

89
Q

In the elderly, IWL can be associated with what effects?

A

Hip fracture, Pressure ulcers, Impaired immune function, Decreased functional status, Death

90
Q

What are the four main cause categories of IWL?

A
  1. Malignant neoplasms
  2. Chronic inflammatory or infectious diseases
  3. Metabolic disorders (ex. diabetes)
  4. Psychiatric disorders
91
Q

Malignant neoplasms revealed though IWL have what prognosis?

A

Poor

92
Q

Other causes of IWL?

A

Meds, social/economic factors, age related factors, neurologic

93
Q

What are the four major manifestations of IWL?

A

Anorexia, Cachexia, Sarcopenia, Dehydration

94
Q

What is anorexia?

A

Loss of appetite

95
Q

What is Cachexia?

A

Loss of muscle mass

96
Q

What is Sarcopenia?

A

Combo of weight loss, muscle and fat loss, anorexia and weakness

97
Q

Treatment of IWL focuses on what?

A

Find/treat underlying cause

98
Q

What should be evaluated in the treatment of IWL?

A

Current meds, d/c or change if necessary/possible

99
Q

Treatment for IWL?

A

Oral nutrition (ex. high energy drinks), supplements between meals (not with meals)

100
Q

Patients with wasting conditions may benefit from what?

A

Exercise programs to gain muscle, protein mass, strength, endurance

101
Q

Metabolic rate in starvation/semistarvation?

A

Between 10-30% (body’s response to energy restriction)

102
Q

Lower metabolic rate in starvation/semistarvation slows what process?

A

Weight loss

103
Q

Resting metabolic rate rises with what?

A

Physiologic stress

104
Q

Degree of rise in metabolic rate during physiologic stress depends on what?

A

Degree of stress

105
Q

Rise of metabolic rate as a result of elective surgery stress?

A

10%

106
Q

Rise of metabolic rate as a result of bone fracture stress?

A

20-30%

107
Q

Rise of metabolic rate as a result of severe infection stress?

A

30-60%

108
Q

Rise of metabolic rate as a result of major burn stress?

A

110%

109
Q

What is hypermetabolic state? What risk does this hold?

A

Stress from injury, infection with Kwashiorkor risk

110
Q

What is Hypometabolic state? What risk does this hold?

A

Unstressed but chronically starved, Marasmus risk

111
Q

What happens to the rate of protein breakdown (catabolism) to supply energy needs during uncomplicated energy deprivation?

A

Usually falls

112
Q

After 10 days of total starvation, an unstressed person loses how much protein?

A

12-18g/dL

113
Q

What happens to the rate of catabolism with stress or injury?

A

Rate increases proportional to the degree of injury

114
Q

Synthesis of glucose is from which non-carbohydrate precursors?

A

Glucogenic amino acids, lactate, glycerol, propionate

115
Q

Which organs are the major gluconeogenic tissues?

A

Liver and kidneys

116
Q

Key gluceneogenic enzymes are expressed where?

A

Small intestine

117
Q

Glucose is especially necessary for what?

A

Nervous system function, erythrocytes

118
Q

Failure of gluconeogenesis can result in what?

A

death

119
Q

Excessive gluconeogenesis can occur in who?

A

ill patients

120
Q

What is micronutrient malnutrition?

A

Deficiencies or excess in vitamins and minerals

121
Q

What vitamin is thiamine?

A

Vitamin B1

122
Q

What is Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) found in?

A

Fortified breads and cereals, fish, lean meats, and milk

123
Q

Causes of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) deficiency?

A

Lack of thiamine intake, increased depletion, decreased absorption

124
Q

What can cause lack of thiamine intake?

A

Alcoholism, starvation, gastric bypass, food choices

125
Q

What can cause increased depletion of thiamine?

A

Diuretics, diarrhea

126
Q

What can cause decreased absorption of thiamine?

A

Chronic intestinal disease, malnutrition

127
Q

Prolonged thiamine deficiency causes what?

A

Beriberi

128
Q

What are the two main types of Beriberi?

A

Wet and Dry

129
Q

Dry beriberi affects what system?

A

Neurologic system (neuropathy, muscle weakness, pain, hyperreflexia)

130
Q

Wet beriberi affects what system?

A

CV system (tachycardia, SOB, lower extremity edema, can lead to HF)

131
Q

What syndrome can thiamine deficiency cause?

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

132
Q

Wernicke encephalopathy occurs in which patients?

A

Alcoholic patients with chronic thiamine deficiency

133
Q

An orderly sequence of symptoms occurs in Wernicke encephalopathy including what?

A

Vomiting, horizontal nystagmus, palsies of eye movements, fever, ataxia, progressive mental impairment

134
Q

What happens during Korsakoff syndrome?

A

Memory loss and confabulatory psychosis (chronic)

135
Q

Which vitamin is Riboflavin?

A

Vitamin B2

136
Q

How could glass milk containers cause riboflavin deficiency?

A

Promote degradation of the vitamin from exposure to light

137
Q

Daily consumption of what would be expected to provide adequate intake of riboflavin?

A

Breakfast cereal and milk

138
Q

Clinical findings with riboflavin (B2) deficiency?

A

Cheilitis (chapping/fissure of the lips), sore/red tongue, oily/scaly skin

139
Q

Which vitamin is Niacin?

A

Vitamin B3

140
Q

Inability to absorb Niacin (B3) or the amino acid tryptophan may cause what?

A

Pallagra - disease characterized by scaly sores, mucosal changes, mental symptoms

141
Q

What are the 4 D’s of Pellagra?

A

Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia, Death

142
Q

What is vitmain B12 found in?

A

Eggs, meat, milk, oysters, poultry

143
Q

How can malabsorption of Vitamin B12 occur?

A

Food vit B-12 malabsorption, Lack of intrinsic factor or parietal cell, Ileal malabsorption, Bacterial overgrowth

144
Q

How can defective transport of Vitamin B12 occur?

A

Transcobalamin deficiency (genetic)

145
Q

What conditions can cause malabsorption of B12 by lack of intrinsic factor or parietal cell?

A

Pernicious anemia, Atrophic gastritis, Postgastrectomy

146
Q

What conditions can cause malabsorption of B12 by ileal malabsorption?

A

Ileal resection, Crohn’s disease

147
Q

Before the body can use B12, what is needed?

A

Intrinsic factor (IF)

148
Q

What is IF made by?

A

Parietal cells in a healthy stomach lining

149
Q

If B12 deficiency occurs in infants and is not detected and treated, what can it lead to?

A

Severe and permanent damage to the nervous system

150
Q

New mothers who follow a vegetarian diet should have what levels checked in their babies?

A

B12 levels

151
Q

Mild vitamin B12 deficiency can cause what symptoms?

A

Mild, if any

152
Q

As vitamin B12 deficiency anemia worsens, what symptoms can occur?

A

Weakness, tiredness, light-headedness, pale skin, sore tongue, rapid heartbeat/breathing, easy bruising/bleeding, bleeding gums, stomach upset, weight loss, diarrhea or constipation

153
Q

If Vitamin B12 is not corrected, it can damage nerve cells and cause what effects?

A

Tingling or numbness in fingers/toes, difficulty walking, mood changes/depression, memory loss, disorientation, dementia

154
Q

Which vitamin is Folate?

A

Vitamin B9

155
Q

Folate can be found in which foods?

A

Beans/legumes, citrus fruits/juices, whole grains, dark green leafy vegetables, poultry, pork, shellfish, liver

156
Q

What does folate (folic acid) aid in?

A

Production of RBCs, synthesis of DNA, works with B12 and C to help body digest/utilize proteins

157
Q

Causes of B9 (folic acid) deficiency?

A

Poor diet, malabsorption, deficiency in Vitamin B12, drugs (ex. anticonvulsants)

158
Q

Clinical findings of Vitamin B9 (Folic acid) deficiency?

A

Sore tongue, Depression, Anemia (macrocytic, megaloblastic) in advanced deficiency

159
Q

What can happen with Vitamin B9 (Folic acid) in pregnant women?

A

Low birth weight, premature birth, neural tube defects in fetus

160
Q

What condition can Vitamin B12 deficiency cause in a fetus?

A

Spina bifida (open defect): spinal cord/fluid project through and push out dura mater

161
Q

Vitamin C can be found in what foods?

A

Citrus fruits, green peppers, strawberries, tomatoes, broccoli, sweet & white potatoes

162
Q

Which vitamin is ascorbic acid?

A

Vitamin C

163
Q

Function of Vitamin C in the body?

A

Promotes healthy immune system, helps wounds heal, maintains connective tissue, aids in absorption of iron

164
Q

Which vitamin deficiency is rare in modernized countries?

A

Vitamin C deficiency

165
Q

Causes of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) deficiency?

A

Poor diet, smoking, increased consumption states (ex. pregnancy and lactation)

166
Q

What is Scurvy?

A

Vitamin C deficiency condition leading to: easy bruising, gingivitis, decreased wound-healing, dry/splitting hair, swollen/painful joints

167
Q

What vitamin is beta-carotene a precursor of?

A

Vitamin A

168
Q

What foods contain vitamin A?

A

Animal sources: eggs, meat, dairy

169
Q

What foods contain beta-carotene?

A

Green, leafy vegetables
Intensely colored fruits/vegetables (bright colored)

170
Q

Benefits of Vitamin A?

A

Maintains health if specialized tissues (ex. retina), aids in growth/health of skin and mucous membranes, promotes normal development of teeth, soft tissue, and skeletal tissue

171
Q

Is Vitamin A deficiency common in the US?

A

No, more common in developing countries

172
Q

Causes of Vitamin A deficiency?

A

Poor diet, malabsorption disorders, vegan diet, alcoholism

173
Q

Clinical features of Vitamin A deficiency?

A

Bitot spots, night blindness, dry skin/hair, xeropthalmia, follicular hyperkeratosis (phrynoderma)

174
Q

What are bitot spots?

A

Areas of abnormal squamous cell proliferation and keratinization of conjunctiva (seen in young children w/ Vit. A deficiency)

175
Q

What is xeropthalmia from vitamin A deficiency?

A

Lack of tear production

176
Q

What is follicular hyperkeratosis (phrynoderma) from vitamin A deficiency secondary to?

A

Blockage of hair follicles with plugs of keratin

177
Q

Sources of Vitamin D?

A

Natural sunlight, fortified milk, cheese, butter/margarine, cereal, fish

178
Q

Vitamin D deficiency or inability of the body to utilize vitamin D may lead to which condition?

A

Rickets - weakening/softening of the bones from extreme calcium loss

179
Q

Causes of Vitamin D deficiency?

A

Poor diet, inadequate sun exposure, malabsorption, breast milk without supplementation of Vit. D, Meds

180
Q

Clinical features of Vitamin D deficiency?

A

Muscle aches/weakness, bone pain, muscle twitching, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, Rickets

181
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

Bone thinning disorder that occurs exclusively in adults
*Characterized by proximal muscle weakness & bone fragility

182
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Condition characterized by reduced bone mineral density & increased bone fragility

183
Q

What is Rickets?

A

Childhood disease characterized by impeded growth & deformity of long bones
*bowing of long bones

184
Q

What causes soft bones and skeletal deformities in Rickets?

A

Bone tissues failing to properly mineralize

185
Q

Which vitamin is Tocopherol?

A

Vitamin E

186
Q

What foods is Vitamin E found in?

A

Corn, nuts, olives, green leafy vegetables, vegetable oils, wheat germ

187
Q

Can food alone provide a beneficial amount of vitamin E?

A

No, supplements may be helpful

188
Q

Benefits of Vitamin E?

A

Protects cell membranes/tissues from oxidation damage, aids in formation of RBCs and use of Vitamin K, Promotes function of healthy circulatory system

189
Q

Causes of Vitamin E deficiency?

A

Those who cannot absorb dietary fat, premature infants with very low birth weight, rare disorders of fat metabolism

190
Q

What can Vitamin E deficiency cause?

A

Anemia, impairment of immune response, male infertility, neuromuscular problems

191
Q

Neuromuscular problems that can be related to vitamin E deficiency?

A

Spinocerebellar ataxia and myopathies, dysarthria, absence of deep tendon reflexes, loss of vibratory sensation/proprioception, positive Babinski sign

192
Q

What is a positive Babinski sign?

A

Lateral forefoot stimulation causes big toe to flex and other toes to spread out like a fan

193
Q

What foods contain vitamin K?

A

Cabbage, cauliflower, spinach/other green leafy vegetables, cereals

194
Q

Vitamin K functions?

A

Blood clotting, bone health, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, fights calcification

195
Q

Causes of Vitamin K deficiency in infants?

A

Low transmission across the placenta, liver prematurity w/ prothrombin synthesis, lack of vit. K in breast milk, sterile gut

196
Q

Why is Vitamin K deficiency uncommon?

A

Present in variety of foods, body can recycle Vit. K, adequate gut flora production of Vit. K

197
Q

Causes of Vitamin K deficiency?

A

Chronic illness, malnutrition, alcoholism, multiple abdominal surgeries, long-term parenteral nutrition, malabsorption, drugs

198
Q

Which drugs can cause Vitamin K deficiency?

A

Antibiotics (Cephalosporin), Cholestyramines, Warfarin, Salicylates, Anticonvulsants, certain Sulfa drugs

199
Q

Possible effects of Vitamin K deficiency?

A

Epistaxis, Hematoma, GI bleeding, Menorrhagia, Hematuria, Gum bleeding, Ecchymosis, Petechiae/purpura

200
Q

Possible effects of Vitamin K deficiency in infants?

A

Some birth defects: underdevelopment of the face, nose, bones, fingers

201
Q

Food sources of calcium?

A

Dairy, vegetables (spinach), nuts (almonds), beans, figs

202
Q

Role of calcium?

A

Building stronger/denser bones early in life, keeping bones strong and healthy later in life
Also involved in NT release, muscle contraction, electrical conduction of heart

203
Q

How much of the body’s calcium is stored in the bones and teeth?

A

Approximately 99%

204
Q

Effects of acute calcium deficiency?

A

Convulsions, arrhythmias, tetany and numbness/parasthesias in hands, feet, & around mouth/lips

205
Q

Effects of long term calcium deficiency?

A

Rickets, Osteoporosis

206
Q

Causes of Calcium deficiency?

A

Hypoparathyroidism, eating disorders, excessive dietary magnesium, chronic renal failure, absence of Vitamin D

207
Q

What is Wilson’s Disease?

A

Congenital disease that causes excess copper to accumulate in the liver and brain
(Kayser-Fleischer rings in the eye: sign)

208
Q

Food sources of magnesium?

A

Dark/leafy greens, nuts/seeds, fish, beans/lentils, whole grains, avocados, bananas, dried fruit, dark chocolate

209
Q

What diverse biochemical reactions does magnesium regulate in the body?

A

Protein synthesis, muscle & nerve function, blood glucose control, BP regulation

210
Q

What is magnesium required for?

A

Energy production, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, synthesis of DNA, RNA, & the antioxidant glutathione

211
Q

Magnesium contributes to the structural development of what?

A

Bone

212
Q

Magnesium plays a role in active transport of what ions across cell membranes?

A

Calcium and Potassium ions

213
Q

What is transport of calcium and potassium across the cell membrane important for?

A

Nerve impulse conduction, muscle contraction, normal heart rhythm

214
Q

Causes of Magnesium deficiency?

A

Poor diet, alcohol abuse, poorly controlled diabetes, excessive/chronic vomiting and/or diarrhea

215
Q

Which drugs can deplete magnesium levels?

A

Osmotic diuretics, cisplatin, cyclosporine, amphetamines, possibly PPIs

216
Q

Early signs of Magnesium deficiency?

A

Loss of appetite, N/V, fatigue, weakness

217
Q

As magnesium deficiency worsens, what symptoms can occur?

A

Numbness, tingling, muscle contractions/cramps, seizures, personality changes, abnormal heart rhythms, coronary spasms

218
Q

Severe magnesium deficiency can result in what conditions?

A

Hypocalcemia or hypokalemia (due to mineral homeostasis disruption)

ClinMed II Exam #4 GI (7 decks)

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