Malnutrition: obesity/weight management/starvation/eating disorders

Question 1

malnutrition

Answer 1

overnutrition or undernutrition

Question 2

factors influencing body weight

Answer 2

genetics and epigenetics

Question 3

genetics (weight differences)

Answer 3

• 40 to 70% of weight differences are related to genetics

- body type, metabolic rate, and factors influencing hunger and satiety

Question 4

set point theory

Answer 4

• genetically predetermined body weight or fat content that is closely regulated
• try to maintain weight within a preferred range
• physiological and genetic determinism

Question 5

settling point

Answer 5

feedback between size of body stores and aspects of expenditure

• settle into stable weight based on circumstances
• social, nutritional, environmental factors

Question 6

environment

Answer 6

major role in body weight and body composition

• when eating is appropriate
• what is preferable to eat
• how much is eaten

Question 7

factors that encourage excess body fat and storage and obesity

Answer 7

• aging
• female gender
• high calorie diet
• sedentary lifestyle
• weight history
• social and behavioral factors
• medications
• location
• genetic characteristics

Question 8

limited fat stores can be caused by

Answer 8

• mar fan syndrome

- anorexia

Question 9

obesity can be caused by

Answer 9

• brain tumors
• ovarian cysts
• hypothyroidism
• prader-willi syndrome

Question 10

features of a sound weight loss program

Answer 10

• control energy intake
• perform regular physical activity
• behavior modification

Question 11

consequences of weight cycling

Answer 11

• upper body fat increase
• diminished self esteem
• decline in HDL
• decline in immune system function

Question 12

regular physical activity

Answer 12

• expending 100-300 kcal/day above normal activity can contribute to weight loss and regulation of kcal intake

Question 13

chain-breaking

Answer 13

separate behaviors that occur together

Question 14

stimulus control

Answer 14

alter the environment to minimize the stimuli for eating

Question 15

cognitive restructuring

Answer 15

change your frame of mind regarding eating

Question 16

contingency restructuring

Answer 16

prepare for situations that may trigger overeating

Question 17

self-monitoring

Answer 17

track food eaten, when, why, how you feel, physical activities, and body weight

Question 18

internal regulation

Answer 18

start eating at 3 on the number line and stop around 5-7 on the number line (1-10- 1 being extreme hunger and 10 being Thanksgiving)

Question 19

red flags of fad diets

Answer 19

• promise a quick fix
• danger from a product/regimen
• claims that are too good to be true
• based on a single study
• simple conclusion from a complex situation
• dramatic statements (refuted by scientific organizations)
• good and bad foods listed
• made to help sell a product/testimonials

Question 20

intermittent fasting

Answer 20

extended periods of time without energy intake (intervening periods of normal food intake)

Question 21

periodic fasting

Answer 21

fasting lasting from 2-21 days

Question 22

important (health or weight?)

Answer 22

• low rates of weight loss
• low compliance with weight loss programs
• prevalence of eating disorders
• dangers associated with certain weight loss methods

Question 23

Non-diet philosophy

Answer 23

• variety of shapes and sizes
• diversity is positive
• no one ideal body size
• self esteem and body image are linked
• stereotyping appearance is unfair (little or no control over these factors)

Question 24

best treatment for obesity

Answer 24

prevention

Question 25

how are individuals more successful at losing weight?

Answer 25

use improved health as a motivating factor

Question 26

steady weight loss

Answer 26

- 0.5 to 2 pounds per week - 6 months (5-10% of body weight) - next 6 months (maintain the loss)

Question 27

5-10% weight loss result

Answer 27

- decrease in blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and insulin resistance - increase in HDL - reduced risk of certain cancers - decreased arthritis pain

Question 28

most common eating disorders

Answer 28

- obesity - anorexia - bulimia - binge-eating

Question 29

what is the most common eating disorder in the US?

Answer 29

binge-eating

Question 30

presentation of anorexia

Answer 30

- weight loss - difficulty maintaining weight - distorted body image - development of fine hair - dry/brittle nails - discoloration of teeth - dry skin

Question 31

treatment for anorexia

Answer 31

- physicians, dieticians, psychologists - hospital - electrolyte imbalances and cardiac arrest can occur

Question 32

presentation of bulimia

Answer 32

- cycle of bingeing and then throwing up

Question 33

how can binge be triggered?

Answer 33

- hunger from recent dieting - stress - boredom - loneliness - depression

Question 34

physical effects of bulimia

Answer 34

- demineralization of teeth - low K levels - swelling of salivary glands - stomach ulcers/tears in esophagus

Question 35

treatment of bulimia

Answer 35

- regular eating habits developed | - self-monitor

Question 36

binge eating disorder presentation

Answer 36

- most common - eating large amounts of food - feeling uncomfortably full - alone

Question 37

treatment of binge eating disorder

Answer 37

- professional help needed - psychological therapy - self help groups - antidepressants

Question 38

prevention of eating disorders

Answer 38

- discourage restrictive dieting - encourage eating when hungry - promote good nutrition and physical activity - normal changes during puberty - correct any misconceptions

Question 39

protein energy malnutrition results

Answer 39

- children stunted growth - insufficient protein consumption for immune function - increase reliance on fat stores

Question 40

kwashiokor

Answer 40

severe protein deficit with moderate energy deficit - edema - mild to moderate weight loss - maintenance of some muscle and subcutaneous fat - growth impairment

Question 41

marasmus

Answer 41

severe energy and protein deficit - severe weight loss - wasting of muscle and body fat - severe growth impairment - develops gradually