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Nutrition 251 > Malnutrition: obesity/weight management/starvation/eating disorders > Flashcards

Malnutrition: obesity/weight management/starvation/eating disorders Flashcards

1
Q

malnutrition

A

overnutrition or undernutrition

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2
Q

factors influencing body weight

A

genetics and epigenetics

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3
Q

genetics (weight differences)

A
  • 40 to 70% of weight differences are related to genetics

- body type, metabolic rate, and factors influencing hunger and satiety

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4
Q

set point theory

A
  • genetically predetermined body weight or fat content that is closely regulated
  • try to maintain weight within a preferred range
  • physiological and genetic determinism
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5
Q

settling point

A

feedback between size of body stores and aspects of expenditure

  • settle into stable weight based on circumstances
  • social, nutritional, environmental factors
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6
Q

environment

A

major role in body weight and body composition

  • when eating is appropriate
  • what is preferable to eat
  • how much is eaten
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7
Q

factors that encourage excess body fat and storage and obesity

A
  • aging
  • female gender
  • high calorie diet
  • sedentary lifestyle
  • weight history
  • social and behavioral factors
  • medications
  • location
  • genetic characteristics
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8
Q

limited fat stores can be caused by

A
  • mar fan syndrome

- anorexia

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9
Q

obesity can be caused by

A
  • brain tumors
  • ovarian cysts
  • hypothyroidism
  • prader-willi syndrome
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10
Q

features of a sound weight loss program

A
  • control energy intake
  • perform regular physical activity
  • behavior modification
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11
Q

consequences of weight cycling

A
  • upper body fat increase
  • diminished self esteem
  • decline in HDL
  • decline in immune system function
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12
Q

regular physical activity

A
  • expending 100-300 kcal/day above normal activity can contribute to weight loss and regulation of kcal intake
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13
Q

chain-breaking

A

separate behaviors that occur together

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14
Q

stimulus control

A

alter the environment to minimize the stimuli for eating

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15
Q

cognitive restructuring

A

change your frame of mind regarding eating

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16
Q

contingency restructuring

A

prepare for situations that may trigger overeating

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17
Q

self-monitoring

A

track food eaten, when, why, how you feel, physical activities, and body weight

18
Q

internal regulation

A

start eating at 3 on the number line and stop around 5-7 on the number line (1-10- 1 being extreme hunger and 10 being Thanksgiving)

19
Q

red flags of fad diets

A
  • promise a quick fix
  • danger from a product/regimen
  • claims that are too good to be true
  • based on a single study
  • simple conclusion from a complex situation
  • dramatic statements (refuted by scientific organizations)
  • good and bad foods listed
  • made to help sell a product/testimonials
20
Q

intermittent fasting

A

extended periods of time without energy intake (intervening periods of normal food intake)

21
Q

periodic fasting

A

fasting lasting from 2-21 days

22
Q

important (health or weight?)

A
  • low rates of weight loss
  • low compliance with weight loss programs
  • prevalence of eating disorders
  • dangers associated with certain weight loss methods
23
Q

Non-diet philosophy

A
  • variety of shapes and sizes
  • diversity is positive
  • no one ideal body size
  • self esteem and body image are linked
  • stereotyping appearance is unfair (little or no control over these factors)
24
Q

best treatment for obesity

A

prevention

25
Q

how are individuals more successful at losing weight?

A

use improved health as a motivating factor

26
Q

steady weight loss

A
  • 0.5 to 2 pounds per week
  • 6 months (5-10% of body weight)
  • next 6 months (maintain the loss)
27
Q

5-10% weight loss result

A
  • decrease in blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and insulin resistance
  • increase in HDL
  • reduced risk of certain cancers
  • decreased arthritis pain
28
Q

most common eating disorders

A
  • obesity
  • anorexia
  • bulimia
  • binge-eating
29
Q

what is the most common eating disorder in the US?

A

binge-eating

30
Q

presentation of anorexia

A
  • weight loss
  • difficulty maintaining weight
  • distorted body image
  • development of fine hair
  • dry/brittle nails
  • discoloration of teeth
  • dry skin
31
Q

treatment for anorexia

A
  • physicians, dieticians, psychologists
  • hospital
  • electrolyte imbalances and cardiac arrest can occur
32
Q

presentation of bulimia

A
  • cycle of bingeing and then throwing up
33
Q

how can binge be triggered?

A
  • hunger from recent dieting
  • stress
  • boredom
  • loneliness
  • depression
34
Q

physical effects of bulimia

A
  • demineralization of teeth
  • low K levels
  • swelling of salivary glands
  • stomach ulcers/tears in esophagus
35
Q

treatment of bulimia

A
  • regular eating habits developed

- self-monitor

36
Q

binge eating disorder presentation

A
  • most common
  • eating large amounts of food
  • feeling uncomfortably full
  • alone
37
Q

treatment of binge eating disorder

A
  • professional help needed
  • psychological therapy
  • self help groups
  • antidepressants
38
Q

prevention of eating disorders

A
  • discourage restrictive dieting
  • encourage eating when hungry
  • promote good nutrition and physical activity
  • normal changes during puberty
  • correct any misconceptions
39
Q

protein energy malnutrition results

A
  • children stunted growth
  • insufficient protein consumption for immune function
  • increase reliance on fat stores
40
Q

kwashiokor

A

severe protein deficit with moderate energy deficit

  • edema
  • mild to moderate weight loss
  • maintenance of some muscle and subcutaneous fat
  • growth impairment
41
Q

marasmus

A

severe energy and protein deficit

  • severe weight loss
  • wasting of muscle and body fat
  • severe growth impairment
  • develops gradually

Nutrition 251 (4 decks)

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