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Nutrition 251 > Energy Balance and Body Composition > Flashcards

Energy Balance and Body Composition Flashcards

1
Q

Energy balance (energy equilibrium)

A

intake matches expenditure

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2
Q

positive energy balance

A

intake exceeds expenditure

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3
Q

negative energy balance

A

intake is less than expenditure

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4
Q

What does the body use energy for?

A
  1. basal metabolic rate
  2. physical activity
  3. thermic effect of food (digestion, absorption, processing of ingested nutrients)
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5
Q

Thermogenesis

A

minor form of energy output

shivering, fidgeting

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6
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

amount of energy required in a fasting state to keep the resting body functioning

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7
Q

largest component of energy expenditure

A

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

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8
Q

What three organs in the body use the most amount of energy when a person is at rest?

A
  1. liver (27%)
  2. brain (19%)
  3. skeletal muscle (18%)
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9
Q

basal metabolic rate (amount of total energy expenditure)

A

60-70%

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10
Q

resting metabolic rate (RMR)

A

when a person is not fasting or resting (about 6% higher than BMR)

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11
Q

BMR and RMR and their respective numbers for women and men

A

of calories burned per unit of time
women- 0.9 kcal/kg per hour
men- 1.0 kcal/kg per hour

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12
Q

Factors that increase BMR

A
  • muscle mass
  • body surface area
  • male gender
  • body temperature
  • secretions of thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism)
  • stress hormones
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13
Q

factors that may decrease BMR

A
  • hypothyroidism
  • restricted calorie intake
  • less muscle mass/body surface area
  • aging declines 1-2% each decade after age 30
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14
Q

Physical activity energy expenditure

A
  • increases kcal needs by 25-40% above BMR
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15
Q

thermic effect of food energy expenditure

A
  • accounts for 5-10% of kcal consumed daily
  • digest, absorb, transport, store, and metabolize
  • varies by nutrient content! (highest for protein)
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16
Q

Adaptive thermogenesis energy expenditure

A
  • contributes a small amount

- triggered by the cold, overfeeding, trauma, starvation

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17
Q

what is non-voluntary physical activity/non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)?

A

fidgeting, shivering, holding the body upright

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18
Q

Adaptive thermogenesis- what may it be dependent on?

A

brown adipose tissue

- limited in adults (infants/hibernating animals have more of it)

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19
Q

Direct calorimetry

A

measuring the amount of heat released by the body (estimates energy expenditure)

  • change in temperature determines the amount of energy the person expended
  • expensive and complex
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20
Q

indirect calorimetry

A

collects the air expired during a specified time period

- oxygen consumed? carbon dioxide produced?

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21
Q

estimated energy requirements (EER)

A

based on evidence gathered through direct and indirect calormetry

22
Q

EER needs based on?

A
  • weight
  • height
  • sex
  • age
  • physical activity level
23
Q

Hunger

A

physiological drive to find and eat food

- controlled by internal mechanisms (organs, hormones, nervous system, hormone-like factors)

24
Q

appetite

A

psychological drive to eat

- impacted by external factors

25
Q

Satiety

A

feeling of fullness following the consumption of food

26
Q

what suppresses further consumption and influences time between meals?

A

satiety

27
Q

what eating behavior regulation is regulated by the hypothalamus?

A

satiety

28
Q

job of hypothalamus

A
  • communicates with the endocrine system/nervous system
29
Q

how does the hypothalamus integrate internal cues?

A
  • blood glucose levels
  • hormone secretions
  • sympathetic nervous system
30
Q

satiation

A

causes us to stop eating

31
Q

what hormones are secreted to promote satiation?

A
  • CCK
  • glucagon-like-peptide-1
  • peptide YY
32
Q

what promotes satiety (occurs after eating has stopped)?

A
  • sensory aspects
  • knowledge of consumption
  • chewing
  • expansion of stomach/intestines
  • effects of digestion/absorption/metabolism
  • decrease in ghrelin
33
Q

hormones that play a role in the regulation of hunger and satiety?

A
  • ghrelin

- leptin

34
Q

ghrelin

A
  • hypothalamus

- increases appetite, smell sensitivity, energy storage is promoted

35
Q

leptin

A
  • hypothalamus
  • signals the brain to decrease intake
  • rises when body fat increases
36
Q

leptin deficiency leads to what?

A

constant hunger

37
Q

what is long-term satiety promoted by?

A

body composition/amount of body fat

38
Q

what is leptin secreted by?

A

adipose tissue (increase in adipose storage= increase in leptin levels)

39
Q

when do satiety signals diminish?

A

several hours after eating (stored energy use begins)

40
Q

what hormones stimulate appetite and increase intake?

A

cortisol and ghrelin

41
Q

methods to assess weight status

A
  • total body fat
  • location of body fat
  • weight-related medical complications
42
Q

body mass index

A
  • height to weight standard
  • linked to body fat content and longevity
  • body fat influences health more than body weight
43
Q

BMI categorization

A

underweight (<18.5)
healthy weight (18.5-24.9)
overweight (25-29.9)
obesity (greater than or equal to 30)

44
Q

BMI complications

A
  • not appropriate for children, teens, older adults, and pregnant/lactating women
  • those with high levels of tissue/less than 5 feet tall may have inaccurate categorization
45
Q

methods to measure body composition

A
  • underwater weighing
  • air displacement
  • skinfold thickness
  • bioelectrical impedance
  • dual energy XRAY absorptiometry (DXA)
46
Q

underwater weighing

A

body weight measured under water and in air

47
Q

air displacement

A

determines body volume by measuring the volume of air displaced when a person sits in a sealed chamber for a few minutes

48
Q

skinfold thickness

A

measure fat layer directly under skin at multiple sites (not as accurate)

49
Q

bioelectrical impedance

A
  • electrical current sent through body
  • short duration
  • fat resists flow of electricity more than lean tissue
50
Q

DXA

A
  • MOST ACCURATE
  • expensive
  • body fat, fat-free soft tissue, and bone minerals assessed
51
Q

desirable body fat for men and women respectively

A

men - 8 to 24%

women- 21 to 35% (reproductive function leads to increased levels of body fat)

52
Q

android (abdominal) obesity

A

related to CVD, hypertension, and T2DM (increased health risk)

Nutrition 251 (4 decks)

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