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Nutrition 251 > Pregnancy, lactation, and infant nutrition > Flashcards

Pregnancy, lactation, and infant nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

healthy lifestyle prior to pregnancy

A
  • healthy pre pregnancy weight
  • adequate and balanced diet
  • physical activity included
  • avoid cigs/toxic substances
  • prenatal supplements (folic acid and iron)
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2
Q

what should you be cautious of nutrient wise before pregnancy?

A
  • preformed vitamin A
  • iron
  • zinc
  • selenium
  • B6
  • Vitamin D and C
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3
Q

full term gestation

A

38-42 weeks

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4
Q

pre-term

A

birth prior to 37 weeks gestation

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5
Q

low birth weight (LBW)

A

less than 5.5 lbs

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6
Q

small for gestational age

A

infants that weigh less than expected for gestational age

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7
Q

when does gestation begin?

A

when sperm and egg unite

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8
Q

zygote

A

conception to two weeks

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9
Q

embryo

A

2-8 weeks

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10
Q

fetus

A

9 weeks to birth

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11
Q

when is the period of very rapid development?

A

fetus

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12
Q

critical period

A

finite windows of opportunity for development of a tissue or organ

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13
Q

how does the zygote nourish itself?

A
  • absorbing secretions from glands in the uterus
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14
Q

placenta

A
  • forms in the uterus as zygote develops into an embryo

- living organ

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15
Q

functions of placenta

A
  • synthesizes fatty acids, cholesterol, and glycogen for the fetus
  • produces hormones that direct maternal nutrients to fetus, control fetal metabolism, and promote changes in the mother’s body that support pregnancy
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16
Q

umbilical cord

A
  • connection between placenta and fetus
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17
Q

factors predicting a successful pregnancy

A
  • nutritious diets (fetal growth promoted)

- likelihood of full-term development

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18
Q

Most important maternal calorie and nutrients

A
  • calories (growth retardation)
  • protein (reduced head circumference)
  • vitamin C (premature birth)
  • folate (spontaneous abortion, neural tube effects)
  • vitamin A (premature birth)
  • vitamin D (low birth weight)
  • calcium (decreased bone density)
  • iron (low birth weight)
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19
Q

energy requirements first trimester

A

0 kcal

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20
Q

energy requirements second trimester

A

340 kcal

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21
Q

energy requirements third trimester

A

452 kcal

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22
Q

nutrients of concern

A

protein, essential fatty acids, zinc, folate. B12, iron

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23
Q

increase in maternal RBC and fetal stores leads to?

A

increase in fluid volume, DNA synthesis, and brain development

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24
Q

vitamin d and calcium

A

bone development (calcium needs do not increase)

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25
Q

which nutrients of concern increase?

A

folate (400 to 600), B12 (2.4 to 2.6), vitamin C (75 to 85), iron (18 to 27), iodine (150 to 220)

26
Q

weight gain during pregnancy

A 
obese (11-20 lbs)
normal (25-35 lbs)
underweight (28-40 lbs)
overweight (15-25 lbs)
obese should gain the least amount of weight
27
Q

what complicates pregnancy outcomes?

A
  • young maternal age
  • maternal eating patterns (restriction, vegetarian/vegan, eating disorders)
  • maternal health (number of pregnancies, time between pregnancies, prenatal care, eclampsia, and gestational diabetes)
28
Q

preeclampsia

A
  • high blood pressure
  • protein in urine
  • headaches
  • blurred vision
  • changes in blood clotting
  • edema
  • HELLP syndrome
29
Q

Eclampsia

A
  • maternal convulsions
  • coma
  • death of mother and fetus
30
Q

gestational diabetes

A
  • more common in families with a history of the betes
  • low blood glucose levels of infant at birth
  • increased risk of obesity later
  • T2DM later in life for both maternal and offspring development
31
Q

sociocultural factors

A
  • limited income
  • limited education
  • lack of social support
32
Q

physiological concerns

A
  • heartburn
  • constipation
  • nausea and vomiting
  • edema
33
Q

avoid these during pregnancy and lactation

A

-contaminants (PCB’s, mercury in large fish)
-pathogens
-caffeine
-food additives
NO DRUGS/ALC
CAUTION W/ HERBALS
NO SMOKING

34
Q

FAS

A
  • small head circumference
  • reduced eye opening
  • low nasal bridge
  • short nose
  • thin upper lip
  • no midline groove
35
Q

breastfeeding

A

feed baby from breast

36
Q

lactation

A

physiological process of females that occurs postpartum when the mother’s breast secretes milk

37
Q

let down reflex

A
  1. suckling stimulates nerves in nipple (hypothalamus)
  2. posterior pituitary (oxytocin)
  3. anterior pituitary (prolactin)
38
Q

oxytocin

A

release milk from storage

39
Q

prolactin

A

stimulates milk production

40
Q

colostrum

A
  • immature milk
  • rich in protein, minerals, vit A
  • less lactose/fewer kcals
  • provides infant with defense system
41
Q

transitional milk

A
  • few days post delivery to 1 week

- contains more fat, lactose, water-soluble vitamins, and kcal than colostrum

42
Q

mature milk

A
  • replaces transitional milk
  • thin and watery
  • 20 kcal/ounce
  • nutritionally complete for the infant with the exception of vit D and iron
43
Q

calorie need for lactation

A

500 kcal above prepreg requirements (300 from food sources, rest comes from fat stores)

44
Q

fluid requirement for lactation

A

main component of milk so increased fluid is needed (32 additional ounces daily)

45
Q

what needs decrease during lactation?

A

iron

46
Q

factors affecting lactation

A
  • maternal weight and age
  • eating patterns
  • maternal and infant health
  • sociocultural factors
  • maternal lifestyle choices
  • maternal food supply
47
Q

when do infants double their birth weight?

A

by 4-6 months

48
Q

when do infants triple their birth weight?

A

1 year of age

49
Q

infancy peak growth

A

-length increases by 50% in a year

50
Q

at risk of development problems

A

birth-2 years

- head circumference is less than 5th percentile or 95th percentile

51
Q

stunted growth

A

Birth to 2 years length for age <5th percentile
•
2 to 20 years BMI for age <5th percentile

52
Q

underweight

A

Birth to 2 years weight for length <5th percentile
•
2 to 20 years BMI for age <5th percentile

53
Q

overweight

A

Birth to 2 years weight for length > 95th percentile
•
2 to 20 years BMI for age ≥ 85th and <95th percentile

54
Q

obese

A

2 to 20 years: BMI for age ≥ 95th percentile or BMI ≥ 30 (whichever is
smaller

55
Q

protein nutrient needs infant

A

1.5 g/kg/day

56
Q

protein children and adolescents

A

1.1 g/kg/day (20-40% than adult needs on a pound by pound basis)

57
Q

fat infant

A

40-55% of kcal (EFA needs met)

children over 2 have same recommendations as adults

58
Q

carb infants

A

primarily lactose for infants (aim for starch)

59
Q

fiber

A

remains important

- 1 year of age (AI is 14 g/1000 kcal)

60
Q

water babies

A

babies need is greater than adults (can be met by formula or breastmilk)
-limit to 4 ounces/day to prevent water intoxication

61
Q

nutrients of concern

A
  • iron
  • K
  • calcium (bone health)
  • fluoride (fluoridated water)
  • zinc (impairs growth if there is a low intake)
  • folate (impairs growth if there is a low intake)
  • vitamin D (rickets)
  • vitamin K (inability to clot due to risk of deficiency/deficiency in general)
62
Q

what does human milk have that formula lacks?

A
  • antibodies
  • hormones
  • immune factors
  • growth factors
  • enzymes

Nutrition 251 (4 decks)

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