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Pathology > Malnutrition > Flashcards

Malnutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Caused by a decrease in calorie intake

A

Marasmus

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2
Q

Caused by a decrease in calorie intake

A

Marasmus

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3
Q

Alert kid with muscle wasting, loss of sub-Q fat, and normal serum albumin levels

A

Marasmus

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4
Q

Caused by a decrease in protein intake

A

Kwashiorkor

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5
Q

Extremely apathetic child who has a protuberant abdomen, sparing of the subcutaneous fat, edema, and a fatty liver

A

Kwashiorkor

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6
Q

Malnutrition complicating advanced disease. Will see extreme weight loss, fatigue, muscle wasting, and anemia

A

Cachexia

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7
Q

Self-imposed starvation

A

Anorexia Nervosa
This can cause endocrine abnormalities such as amenorrhea and changes of hypothyroidism. Decreased bone density, anemia, and hypokalemia

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8
Q

Alert kid with muscle wasting, loss of sub-Q fat, and normal serum albumin levels

A

Marasmus

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9
Q

Caused by a decrease in protein intake

A

Kwashiorkor

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10
Q

Extremely apathetic child who has a protuberant abdomen, sparing of the subcutaneous fat, edema, and a fatty liver

A

Kwashiorkor

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11
Q

Malnutrition complicating advanced disease. Will see extreme weight loss, fatigue, muscle wasting, and anemia

A

Cachexia

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12
Q

What BMI is considered to be malnutrition?

A
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13
Q

Self-imposed starvation

A

Anorexia Nervosa
This can cause endocrine abnormalities such as amenorrhea and changes of hypothyroidism. Decreased bone density, anemia, and hypokalemia

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14
Q

Binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors

A

Bulimia.

The vomiting will often put these patients into a Metabolic Alkalosis.

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15
Q

Found in leafy green vegetables

A

Vitamin A

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16
Q

A patient comes in with a headache, vomiting, stupor, and papilledema. These symptoms suggest what?

A

Acute Vitaminosis A

Excess of Vitamin A

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17
Q

Deficiency in this vitamin causes dry eyes (exerophthalmia)

A

Vitamin A

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18
Q

Deficiency in this vitamin causes squamous metaplasia of epithelium

A

Vitamin A

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19
Q

Deficiency in this vitamin causes immune deficiency

A

Vitamin A

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20
Q

When you look in the eye and you see white patchy stuff in it (Bitot’s spots) you suspect a deficiency in this vitamin

A

Vitamin A

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21
Q

A derivative of this vitamin is one of the main components of Acutane (isotretinoin)

A

Vitamin A

Remember that Acutane cannot be given to pregnant women, or women who may become pregnant.

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22
Q

A patient comes in with a headache, vomiting, stupor, and papilledema. These symptoms suggest what?

A

Acute Vitaminosis A

Excess of Vitamin A

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23
Q

Rickets is a deficiency in…

A

Vitamin D in children

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24
Q

What is the active form of vitamin K?

A

K1
K2 is the inactive form. Vitamin K is also needed for the gamma-carboxylation of glutamate residues. Vitamin K is not in breast milk, so it must be given as an injection at birth.

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25
Q

What can an excess of Vitamin D lead to?

A

Hypercalcemia, renal stones, and ectopic calcification

26
Q

This vitamin is an antioxidant that protects erythrocytes from free radical damage

A

Vitamin E

27
Q

Wet Beri-Beri

A

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine). Dilated cardiomyopathy and edema

28
Q

This vitamin is a co-factor for clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X and proteins C and S

A

Vitamin K

29
Q

This vitamin is antagonized by Warfarin

A

Vitamin K

30
Q

What is the active form of vitamin K?

A

K1

K2 is the inactive form. Vitamin K is also needed for the gamma-carboxylation of glutamate residues.

31
Q

Chronic alcoholic presents with opthalmoplegia, confusion, and ataxia. What vitamin is he deficient in?

A

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine). This is Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome.

32
Q

Dry Beri-Beri

A

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine). Presents as polyneuritis with symmetrical muscle wasting.

33
Q

Wet Beri-Beri

A

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine). Dilated cardiomyopathy and edema

34
Q

FAD and FMN are derived from…

A

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

35
Q

Deficiency in Vitamin B2 can lead to…

A

Cheilosis (scaling at the corners of the mouth) and Corneal vascularization

36
Q

Patient presents with dementia, dermatitis (glove distribution of a red, scaly appearance on sun exposed areas), and diarrhea

A 
Vitamin B3 (niacin).
This disease is known as Pellagra.
37
Q

Corn only diet will cause this deficiency

A

Pellagra

38
Q

What is vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) used for?

A

Cofactor in protein synthesis

39
Q

This vitamin deficiency can be secondary to drugs, alcohols, or pregnancy

A

Vitamin B6

40
Q

This vitamin is absorbed in the terminal ileum attached to intrinsic factor

A

Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 is also a cofactor in odd chain fatty acid metabolism and DNA synthesis

41
Q

Lack of Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) causes what?

A

Pernicious anemia and degeneration of the posterolateral spinal cord tracts (Subaute Combined Degeneration)

42
Q

This vitamin is required for normal folate metabolism and DNA synthesis

A

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

43
Q

A deficiency in which vitamin is seen in vegans, and those infected with the fish tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum?

A 
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
Diphyllobothrium latum eats 80% of the body's vitamin B12
44
Q

This vitamin is converted to tetrahydrofolate (THF), a coenzyme for 1-carbon transfers. It is important for synthesis of nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA.

A

Vitamin B9 (folic acid)

45
Q

A deficiency in this vitamin causes Megaloblastic anemia and Neural Tube Defects

A

Vitamin B9 (folic acid)

46
Q

Folate antagonists include:

A 
Chemotherapeutic agents (phenytoin, sulfonamides, methotrexate)
Oral contraceptives
Anticonvulsants
Ethanol
Cigarette Smoking
47
Q

Patient presents with petechial hemorrhage of the skin, subperiosteal hematomas, bleeding into the joint space, swollen bleeding gums and tooth loss. What vitamin is deficient?

A 
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
The disease described is Scurvy.
48
Q

Functions of Vitamin C

A

Antioxidant.
Facilitates iron absorption by reducing it to Fe+2 state.
Necessary for hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collage synthesis.

49
Q

Lab findings of peripheral blood smear: Large red cells with an MCV > 100 and hypersegmented neutrophils

A

Megaloblastic anemia due to a folate deficiency (Vitamin B9)

50
Q

A deficiency in iron will lead to…

A

Hypochromic microcytic anemia

51
Q

A deficiency in zinc is found in…

A

Children who eat clay (clay binds zinc)

52
Q

A deficiency in zinc causes:

A 
Acrodermatitis enteropathica (rash around the eyes, mouth, nose, and anus)
Growth retardation, impaired wound healing, anorexia, impaired night vision, depressed mental function, and congenital malformations
53
Q

This trace element is a component of glutathione peroxidase and an antioxidant with vitamin E

A

Selenium

54
Q

A deficiency in selenium causes…

A 
Myopathy..."White Muscle Disease"
Keshan Disease (congestive cardiomyopathy)
55
Q

A deficiency of iodine would lead to…

A

Goiter, Hypothyroidism, and Cretinism

56
Q

A deficiency in this trace element would result in muscle weakness, neurologic defects, and abnormal collagen cross-linking

A

Copper

57
Q

Metabolic Syndrome

A

I) Increased adiposity
II) Glucose intolerance
III) Hypertension
IV) Dyslipidemia

58
Q

Normal BMI

A

18.5-25

59
Q

Malnutrition BMI

A
60
Q

Overweight BMI

A

25-30

61
Q

Obese BMI

A

> 30

Pathology (12 decks)

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