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GI and Surgery > Malnutrition > Flashcards

Malnutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Are vitamins synthesised by the body?

A

No

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2
Q

Name the fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

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3
Q

How do you assess for nutrition?

A

BMI, mid-arm circumference (muscle mass), skin-fold thickness (body fat).

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4
Q

What do gastric parietal cells produce?

A

H+ and IF

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5
Q

What do gastric chief cells produce?

A

Pepsinogen

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6
Q

What is the function of secretin?

A

To stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion.

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7
Q

What is the function of CCK?

A

Stimulates pancreatic secretion and gallbladder contraction, regulates gastric emptying and induction of satiety.

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8
Q

Does histamine stimulate or inhibit gastric acid secretion?

A

Stimulates

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9
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

Liver

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10
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gallbladder

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11
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

Emulsifies fats and excretes wastes.

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12
Q

Where does most digestion and absorption take place?

A

Jejunum

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13
Q

Where is B12-IF absorbed?

A

Terminal ileum.

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14
Q

What is the function of IF?

A

Vitamin B12 absorption.

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15
Q

Where are bile acids reabsorbed into circulation?

A

Ileum

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16
Q

What are the different methods for delivering nutritional support?

A

Enteral: oral, tube feeding.
Parenteral: IV.

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17
Q

Why is enteral feeding preferred over parenteral?

A

Because parenteral feeding atrophies the intestinal epithelium, increasing the risk of sepsis due to bacterial translocation.

18
Q

Which tubes are used for tube feeding?

A

Nasogastric tube or nasojejunal tube.

19
Q

What are the complications of tube feeding?

A

Inversion of tube into lungs, aspiration, nasal erosion, refeeding syndrome.

20
Q

What are the routes for parenteral feeding?

A

Peripheral cannula, peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC line), central venous catheter.

21
Q

What are the complications from parenteral feeding?

A

Risks of central venous catheter insertion, infection, blockage, VT, fatty liver disease.

22
Q

What is Kwashiorkor?

A

Type of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) caused by lack of protein. Symptoms include: muscle wasting, ascites, ankle oedema.

23
Q

What is Marasmus?

A

Type of PEM, caused by an overall lack of calories.

24
Q

What does iron deficiency result in?

A

Microcytic anaemia.

25
Q

What does vitamin B6 deficiency result in?

A

Neuropathy

26
Q

What does vitamin B1 deficiency result in?

A

Cardiomyopathy and encephalopathy.

27
Q

What does vitamin B2 deficiency result in?

A

Stomatitis

28
Q

What does vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency result in?

A

Pellagra

29
Q

What does folic acid deficiency result in?

A

Megaloblastic anemia.

30
Q

What does vitamin D deficiency result in?

A

Osteomalacia.

31
Q

What does vitamin B12 deficiency result in?

A

Megaloblastic anaemia, neuropathy, subacute cord degeneration, ataxia, dementia.

32
Q

What does vitamin C deficiency result in?

A

Scurvy

33
Q

What does vitamin K deficiency result in?

A

Coagulopathy

34
Q

Malabsorption in coeliac disease can cause which deficiencies?

A

Iron deficiency, folate deficiency, osteomalacia.

35
Q

Terminal ileal surgery can lead to malabsorption of what?

A

Bile salts and vitamin B12.

36
Q

Malabsorption in Crohn’s disease can lead to what?

A

Anaemia, weight loss, diarrhoea.

37
Q

Fat malabsorption can lead to which deficiencies?

A

Vitamin K deficiency - coagulopathy.
Vitamin D deficiency - osteomalacia.
Vitamin E deficiency - ataxia.
Vitamin A deficiency - ataxia, night blindness, xerophthalmia.

38
Q

Carbohydrate, fat and protein malabsorption cause what kind of symptoms?

A

Carbohydrate - diarrhoea, flatulence, bloating.
Fat - steatorrhoea, vitamin A, D, E and K deficiency.
Protein - oedema, muscle atrophy, hypoalbuminaemia.

39
Q

What tool is used to screen for malnutrition?

A

MUST

40
Q

Vitamin C deficiency can lead to…

A

Bruising easily.

41
Q

Name some complications of enteral feeding

A

Diarrhoea, aspiration, hyperglycaemia, refeeding syndrome.

GI and Surgery (14 decks)

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