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Year 3 - Haematology > Malignancy Treatment > Flashcards

Malignancy Treatment Flashcards

1
Q

How does radiotherapy work?

A

Damages the DNA of the cell

Cell recognises it is damaged beyond repair and undergoes apoptosis

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2
Q

Why do lymphomas respond well to radiotherapy?

A

Undergo apoptosis more easily

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3
Q

What does low dose radiotherapy cause?

A

Blebbing

Cell breaks apart into several apoptotic bodies which are phagocytosed

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4
Q

What does high dose radiotherapy cause?

A

Plasma membrane rupture
Cellular and nuclear lysis
Necrosis

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5
Q

Which protein in the cell nucleus is often involved in radiotherapy?

A

p53

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6
Q

What are the long term complications of radiotherapy?

A

Pulmonary fibrosis
Cardiomyopathy
Further malignancy (breast, lung)
Premature atherosclerosis

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7
Q

What are the immediate effects of chemo?

A 
Nausea
Vomiting
Alopecia
Bone marrow failure
Fatigue
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8
Q

What are the long term effects of chemo?

A

Heart and lung damage
Further malignancy
Infertility

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9
Q

Which part of the B cells do monoclonal antibodies bind to?

A

CD20

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10
Q

Which part of rituximab binds to CD20 on B cells?

A

Murine variable regions on the heavy chain

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11
Q

Anti-HER2 treats which type of cancer?

A

Breast

this is Herceptin

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12
Q

Anti-CD30 treats which kind of cancer?

A

Hodgkins

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13
Q

Give examples of drugs which directly kill malignant B cells

A

Ofatumunab

Obinutumab

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14
Q

Give examples of tyrosine kinase inhibitors

A

Imatinib

Nilotinib

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15
Q

What are the main side effects of imatinib?

A

Diarrhoea
Pulmonary oedema
Neutropenia

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16
Q

What effect does tyrosine kinase have on cancer cells?

A

Causes proliferation by phosphorylating genes to activate them

17
Q

Which drugs are used to kill malignant B cells in CLL?

A

Ibrutinib and idelalisib

18
Q

Direct B cell killing agents work even in p53 mutated malignancies true/false

A

True

19
Q

What is graft vs leukaemia therapy?

A

Allogenic bone marrow transplant to induce graft vs host disease which hopefully kills more cancer than host

20
Q

At which phases of the cell cycle are cell more susceptible to chemo?

A

Growing/dividing

21
Q

How does methotrexate work?

A

Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase to prevent DNA synthesis

22
Q

How do alkylating agents work to treat malignancy?

A

Bind covalently to bases of DNA to produce DNA strand breaks via free radical production

23
Q

Give examples of platinum derivatives used in malignancy treatment?

A

Cis-platin

Carboplatin

24
Q

How do cytotoxic antibodies work to treat malignancy?

A

Impairs RNA transcription and causes DNA strand breaks

25
Q

Give examples of cytotoxic antibodies used in cancer treatment

A

Daunorubicin
Doxorubicin
Idarubicin

26
Q

What is the benefit to combination chemotherapy?

A

Avoids resistance

Can give lower doses if drugs are combined

Year 3 - Haematology (17 decks)

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