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OB - reproductive anatomy > male urogenital system > Flashcards

male urogenital system Flashcards

1
Q

male blood supply

A

testicular artery from aorta

venous drainage from IVC

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2
Q

spermatozoa

A

smallest human cell
3 micron diameter
highly condensed DNA

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3
Q

functions of testis

A

production of spermatazoa and male sex hormones

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4
Q

divisions of tubules

A

seminiferous tubules -> rete testes -> into epididymus

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5
Q

centre of seminiferous tubules

A

spermatozoa

production of cells occurs from maturation from the peripheral to central region of the tubule

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6
Q

interstitium between tubules contains

A

leydig cells = hormone production (androgen)

blood, nerve and lymph vessels

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7
Q

making sperm called

A

spermatogenesis

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8
Q

stages of sperm cells in 3 phases of life

A 
fetal = primordial germ cells populate the testes with spermatogonia 
childhood = cells quiescent 
puberty = spermatogenesis begins
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9
Q

initial mitosis produces

A

spermatogonia (A) produces spermatogonia (B) and replenishes the stem cell pool
spermatogonia (B) undergo mitosis to produce primary spermatocytes

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10
Q

primary spermatocytes undergo

A

meiosis 1

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11
Q

secondary spermatocytes undergo

A

meiosis 2

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12
Q

stages of mitosis into mature cells

A

primary spermatocytes -> secondary spermatocytes (meiosis 1)
secondary spermatocytes -> round spermatids (meiosis 2)
round spermatids -> differentiating spermatids -> residual bodies and spermatozoa

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13
Q

cytoplasmic bridges between cells function

A

allows for synchronisation

can transfer mRNA and proteins between haploid cells

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14
Q

how does differentiation occur in the tubule

A

from the peripheral to the lumen

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15
Q

function of Sertoli cells

A

form the blood-testis barrier

support

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16
Q

why is the blood testis barrier needed

A

spermatogenesis begins after immune system is developed so sperm are ‘foreign’
Sertoli cells control lumen environment, separate lumenal and basal comportments. support spermatogenesis, secrete nutrients, absorb waste and phagocytose defunct sperm

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17
Q

unique feature of cell divisions

A

divisions are incomplete

cells remain linked together and have junctional contacts with sertoli cells

18
Q

features of sperm DNA

A

DNA is packed more tightly than somatic cells

sperm DNA packed on protamines, not histones

19
Q

length of spermatogenesis process

A

about 60 days
new cohorts begin about every 12 days
within the tubule, adjacent parts are at different stages

20
Q

spermiogenesis stages

A

Golgi phase -> cap phase -> acrosome phase -> maturation

21
Q

features of sperm maturation

A
  • Golgi assembles on one side, will form acrosome
  • opposite side to this is flagella development, mitochondria move closer to flagella
  • much of cytoplasm lost
  • on top of acrosome plasma membrane, get receptors for the zona pellucid and oocyte membrane
22
Q

features of mature sperm

A
  • mobile
  • receptors for zona pellucida and oocyte
  • can penetrate the zona pellucida and activate oocyte
23
Q

endocrine control from puberty

A

hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons activated
GnRH released in pulses from hypothalamus
stimulates secretion of FSH and LH
feedback control of hormones to pituitary and hypothalamus

24
Q

action of FSH

A

initially stimulates Sertoli cell division, then secretion (specific protein)

25
Q

action of LH

A

acts on Leydig cells to produce testosterone and androgens

26
Q

epididymus structure

A

very long could tube, about 7m

4-6 weeks for sperm to pass through

27
Q

function of epididymus

A

sperm maturation
removes cytoplasmic droplet from spermatozoa
adds a glycoprotein coat over sperm heat
concentrates spermatozoa
allow development of unidirectional motility

28
Q

function of vas deferens

A

transport spermatozoa and can store them in its ampulla
contract mainly in relation to sympathetic stimulation
seminal vesicles pass into vas deferens

29
Q

seminal vesicles function

A

produce the major fluid component of sperm
produce fructose as energy
contracts mainly in relation to sympathetic NS

30
Q

prostate function

A

androgen dependent
produce some factors in seminal fluid, not well understood
key organ in cancers

31
Q

constituents of sperm

A

20 million sperm/ml
seminal vesicles (2/3 volume) = fructose, fibrinogen, prostaglandins
prostate (1/3 volume) = bicarbonate buffers, enzyme, citric acid, exosomes
a few drops from bulbourethral gland = buffers. mucus

32
Q

what occurs during arousal

A

erection and arteriolar vasodilation

33
Q

how does arousal occur

A

NO (parasym) and cGMP, veins compressed and blood pressure increases

  • elevation of scrotum
  • elevation and swelling of testes
34
Q

what occurs during plateau

A

distension of penis and testis, mucus bulbourethral gland secretion

35
Q

what occurs during orgasm

A

emission with contraction of tubules and relaxation of urethras sphincter (sympathetic), ejaculation with rhythmic contraction of perineal striated muscle and anal sphincter (somatic)

36
Q

what occurs during refractory resolution

A

return to non-aroused state

37
Q

phases of nervous control

A

parasympathetic
sympathetic
somatic

38
Q

position of testes

A

in scrotum

39
Q

function of the vasa efferent

A

connect the rete testes to the head of the epididymus

40
Q

route of vas deferens

A

passes through the inguinal canal and exits the deep inguinal ring down to each testis

41
Q

control of testis temperature

A

kept cool in counter current heat exchange
cremaster and dartos muscles
contract the scrotum and draw the testis into the abdominal cavity when cold

42
Q

effects of testosterone

A 
secondary sexual characteristics
growth of reproductive organs 
hair growth 
increased libido 
voice drops

OB - reproductive anatomy (4 decks)

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