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OB - reproductive anatomy > female urogenital system > Flashcards

female urogenital system Flashcards

1
Q

number of oocytes at puberty

A

200,000

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2
Q

number ovulated

A

400

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3
Q

ovary size

A

almond

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4
Q

cortex contains

A

germ cells in follicles

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5
Q

medulla contains

A

vessels, nerves and some steroid-secreting cells

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6
Q

interstitial tissue between follicles (stroma) contains

A

corpus luteum
corpus albicans
derived from previously ovulated follicles

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7
Q

blood supply

A

ovarian artery from aorta

drainage to IVC

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8
Q

ovary position

A

intraperitoneal

attached to the posterior aspect of the broad ligament by the mesovarium, through which vessels and nerves enter

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9
Q

ovary major functions

A

cyclic production of haploid gametes

production of hormones to coordinate the body for successful reproduction

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10
Q

before birth cell stage

A

primary oocyte arrested in prophase 1

build up stores of RNA and protein and rest until puberty

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11
Q

cell stages at puberty

A

go through meiosis 1 to make a secondary oocyte, stops at meiosis 2 (cytoplasm doesn’t split evenly, so only one main cell is produced)
other cell becomes first polar body and degenerates

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12
Q

after the secondary oocyte is produced

A

secondary oocyte is arrested in metaphase 2 and then ovulated
meiosis 2 only completed if fertilised, producing another polar body

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13
Q

follicle structure

A

each follicle has an oocyte with one or more layers of specialised cells and their products

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14
Q

granulosa cells function

A

become more cuboidal in development
equivalent to sertoli
production of steroids (estradiol) and LH receptors
has basal lamina around cells (no blood vessels can pass through)

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15
Q

zona pellucida function

A

glycoprotein rich layer around the oocyte, secreted by oocyte and has sperm receptors at fertilisation

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16
Q

theca cells function

A

on outer surface
inner secrete steroids (produce androgen substrate for estradiol production)
outer layer from a capsule, highly vascularised

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17
Q

layers around primordial follicle

A

just early granulosa cells

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18
Q

layers around primary follicle

A

mature granulosa cells with basal lamina

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19
Q

layers around secondary follicle

A

mature granulosa cells and thecal cell layers

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20
Q

follicle development depends on

A

FSH

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21
Q

in secondary follicle, granulosa cells are signalled to

A

secrete fluid between the granulosa layers to produce an antrum (tertiary follicle)

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22
Q

dominant pre-ovulatory follicle selected, causing

A

large antrum to form, separating the granulosum cells into those around the wall and those around the oocyte

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23
Q

primordial follicles recruited to start folliculogenesis until

A

menopause

24
Q

what occurs between the tertiary follicle and the preovulatory follicle

A

follicle growth
recruitment
selection
dominance

25
Q

mature follicle structure

A

fluid filled antrum, large

oocyte, pushed to one side surrounded by 2 or 3 layers of granulosum cells (called cumulus oophorus)

26
Q

what its follicular atresia

A

about 20 follicles mature each month but only 1 is ovulated

rest undergo atresia (hormonal apoptosis)

27
Q

control of menstrual cycle

A

hypathalamo = pituitary - gonadal axis

28
Q

LH and FSH release

A

from gonadotrophs in pituitary

controlled by pulses of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamus

29
Q

GnRH control

A

neuronal hormone kisspeptin

30
Q

negative feedback on pituitary and hypothalamus

A

progesterone
oestrogen
inhibin (peptide for neg feedback of FSH)

31
Q

two cell two hormone mechanism

A

thecal and granulosum cells

and FSH and LH both need to be stimulated by GnRH for ovary function

32
Q

action of LH in ovary

A

acts at LH receptors on theca interna cells to stimulate the production of androgens via cAMP

33
Q

action of FSH in ovary

A

at FSH receptors on granulosa cells to produce aromatase which converts androgens to estradiol and inhibin

34
Q

phases of the menstrual cycle

A

follicular phase and luteal phase

35
Q

length of cycle

A

28 days
starts on first day on menstruation
length depends on follicle growth and lifespan of corpus luteum

36
Q

follicular phase dominated by

A

the products of a single dominant follicle

37
Q

luteal phase dominated by

A

products of the corpus luteum

38
Q

follicular phase - action of estradiol and inhibin

A
  • inhibit FSH release, so select a dominant follicle
39
Q

follicular phase - action of rising estradiol

A
  • estradiol from dominant follicle stimulates the pre ovulatory surge of LH and FSH
  • sensitises the pituitary to GnRH, causes GnRH to stimulate a surge of LH
40
Q

surge of LH causes

A

acts on LH receptors of granulosa cells of dominant follicle to cause ovulation and complete the first meiotic division

41
Q

ovulation process

A

takes 15 min
oocyte ruptures out of follicle
- induced by LH
- through cAMP, promotes production of prostaglandins and plasminogen
- collagen breakdown weakens follicle wall
- vascular permeability

42
Q

luteal phase - what forms the corpus luteum

A

remaining granulosa cells and thecal cells from ruptured follicle

43
Q

effect of LH surge on blood vessels

A

ingrowth of blood vessels through the basal lamina

changes in enzymes so that progesterone dominates

44
Q

progesterone and estradiol production after ovulation

A

increases for about 7 days

stimulated by slow LH pulses

45
Q

hCG produced if

A

fertilisation and implantation occur

no hcg = corpus lutetium degenerates

46
Q

luteolysis causes

A

progesterone and oestrogen levels fall

negative feedback of FSH and LH removed so follicle development stimulated

47
Q

main function of corpus luteum

A

secrete progesterone

48
Q

function of oviduct

A

high estradiol at the end of follicular phase and in luteal phase cause muscular activity in the oviduct
causes its end to become closely opposed to the site of ovulation, ciliated epithelium wafts the oocytes into the tube
secretions from epithelial ells help nourish the oocyte

49
Q

uterus in menstrual cycle

A

progesterone and oestrogen produce changes in uterine all to prepare for implantation

50
Q

uterus in early phase of cycle

A

endometrium relatively thin
oestrogen causes it to expand and develop
sparse and small glands
cells develop microvilli and cilia

51
Q

uterus in secretory phase

A

begins at ovulation

glands become more coiled and endometrium has maximum thickness

52
Q

uterus changes in vasculature

A

arteries become more extensive and more spiralled through proliferative phase
during late secretory, walls become more ischaemic as arteries spasm, under control of prostaglandins to prevent excessive blood loss

53
Q

hormone control of uterus

A 
estradiol = proliferation and spiral artery development 
progesterone = glandular secretion 
prostaglandins = arterial spasm , uterine muscle spasm
54
Q

hormone release pre/post puberty

A 
pre = GnrRH fires occasionally, low secretion of LH/FSH
post = GnRH neurons fire about every 90 min, pulses of FSH and LH
55
Q

what happens at menopause

A

oocytes = 0
secretion of oestrogen and inhibin reduced
lack of negative feedback = FSH and LH increase

56
Q

blood supply to uterus

A

internal iliac artery and vein

OB - reproductive anatomy (4 decks)

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