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RePro > Male Reproductive System Histology > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of testis?

A
  1. Production and storage of spermatozoa.

2. Synthesis and secretion of male sex hormones

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2
Q

What are the three layers of the walls of the seminiferous tubules?

A

1 Tunica propria

  1. basal lamina
  2. Seminiferous epithelium
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3
Q

What cells are responsible for forming the blood testis barrier?

A

Sertoli cells

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4
Q

These cells tall, branched columnar cells that rest on basement membrane, have oval nucleus with a prominent nucleolus and protect developing spermatids

A

sertoli cells

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5
Q

Sertoli cells responds to which steroid hormone?

A

FSH

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6
Q

What cells forms the blood testis barrier and how do they do it?

A

Sertoli cells. They form a continuous sheath around the lumen of the seminiferous tubules.

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7
Q

What are the functions of sertoli cells?

A
  1. physical support
  2. phagocytosis of residual bodies
  3. secretion of fluid for sperm transport, ABP, inhibin, AMH, and activin
  4. Nutritional regulation - isolation of developing spermatozoa from blood, spermatogenic cells depend upon sertoli cells for exchange of nutrients
  5. Protection for developing spermatozoa
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8
Q

Which cells separates the seminiferous tubule into two functional compartments. what are the compartments?

A

Sertoli cells. Forms a continuous belt occluding junctions joining lateral surfaces of adjacent sertoli cells and separates the seminiferous tubule into basal compartment and a adluminal compartment.

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9
Q

In which compartment of the seminiferous tubule are the sperm produced in?

A

adluminal

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10
Q

In which compartment are you likely to find stem cells of the seminiferous tubules.

A

basal compartment

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11
Q

What is sertoli cell only syndrome (SCOS)

A

It’s a germinal cell aplasia (Del Castillo syndrome) , where spermatogenic cells are absent. It’s a form of permanent and irreversible azoospermia. Can be congential or acquired

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12
Q

In what conditions will you find Reinke cystalloids?

A
  1. Sertoli cell only syndrome

2. Leydig cell tumors

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13
Q

What are the three phases of spermatogenesis?

A
  1. spermatocytogenesis
  2. meiosis
  3. spermiogenesis
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14
Q

The division of spermatogonia to form primary spermatocytes occurs via _(mitosis or meiosis)?

A

mitosis

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15
Q

What are the three groups of the primitive spermatogonia?

A

Base don nuclear morpholog: A dark (Ad), A pale (Ap) and B

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16
Q

Which of the three 3 groups of spermatogonia is considered the stem cells and division of that forms what?

A

Ad is the stem cell that undergo mitosis to produce another Ad and an Ap.

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17
Q

Which spermatogonium divides to form the Type B spermatogonium?

A

Type Ap spermatogonium

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18
Q

Which spermatogonium ultimately leads to the production of the primary spermatocyte?

A

Type B spermatogonium

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19
Q

Meiosis phase of spermatogenesis begins after the production of _

A

primary spermatocytes

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20
Q

Primary spermatocytes are _ (diploid or haploid) and _ for DNA.

A

diploid, tetraploid for DNA. (46, 4n)

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21
Q

At the end of the meiosis phase of spermatogenesis, how many meiotic division have been completed and what is the end product?

A

Meiosis phase ends with first meiotic division with the formation of secondary spermatocytes.

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22
Q

This phase takes about 22 days and this is the phase where most primary spermatocytes are seen in. The spermaotgenic cells in this phase are the largest and are characterized by chromosomes in various stages of coiling. What phase of cell division and spermatogenesis is it?

A

meiosis I: prophase

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23
Q

By the time it becomes a secondary spermatocyte, what is the chromosome number and DNA number?

A

Haploid for chromosome number and diploid for DNA

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24
Q

What is the end product of the second meiotic division?

A

spermatids

25
Q

what is the chromosome number and the DNA number for spermatids?

A

haploid for both chromosome and DNA.

26
Q

these cells are small cells with heterochromatic nuclei located closer to the lumen.

A

Spermatids

27
Q

These cells are located in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules and are the final products of spermiogenesis.

A

Spermatozoa

28
Q

What is the DNA and chromosome number for spermatozoa?

A

Haploid for both

29
Q

These cells are dark, with flattened nuceli and have long flagella.

A

Late spermatids aka spermatozoa

30
Q

what are the four major events of spermiogenesis?

A
  1. development of the flagellum
  2. development of the acrosome
  3. development of the manchette
  4. nuclear condensation (protamines)
31
Q

where does the flagellum of spermatid emerge from?

A

Axonemal complex of centriole

32
Q

What is a manchette?

A

the band of microtubules surrounding the nucleus of the sperm

33
Q

Before the sperm is released into the lumen, what changes happen to the nucleus and the mt content?

A

Nucleus flattens and elongates, mt number increases as mt migrates in. Residual body phagocytosed.

34
Q

what are protamines?

A

They’re sperm-specific histones which replaces the somatic histones as part of the maturation phase of sperm.

35
Q

what is primary ciliary dysknesia?

A

aka immotile cilia syndrome aka Kartagener syndrome. Rare cilipathic autosomal recessive genetic disorder that causes defects in the action of cilia. Males are infertile, although conception remains possible via IVF.

36
Q

What is the normal number of sperm per mL

A

20-40 million

37
Q

What is oligospermia?

A

reduced number of sperm.

38
Q

What is hypospermia

A

decreased in volume

39
Q

Oligospermia, hypospermia can be due to _

A

deletion of AZF region on the Y chromosome. AZF = azoospermia factor

40
Q

What is asthenospermia

A

Low motility, graded from A (forward motility in straight line) to D (immotile)

41
Q

IN 20-30% of cases, mump can cause _

A

acute orchitis

42
Q

Testicular torsion is an emergency because _

A

the cut off arterial supply and venous drainage can lead to hemorrhagic infarction and necrosis of testes.

43
Q

How does varicocele affect sperm production?

A

It decreases sperm production.

44
Q

What is the path of sperm starting in the seminiferous tubules?

A

Seminiferous tubules –> rete testis–> efferent ductules –> epididymis –> ductus deferens –> urethra –> ejaculation

45
Q

what kind of epithelium are you like to find in the epididymis? How does sperm travel here?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium wth principal cells/stereocilia; sheath of circular smooth muscle. Peristaltic contraction propels sperm towards ductus defens

46
Q

what kind of epithelium are you likely to find in the efferent ductules of the testes?

A

mixed epithelium of tall ciliated columnar (propel sperm) and low cuboidal/microvilli principal cells (absorb testicular fluid)

47
Q

what are the three main functions of epididymis?

A
  1. sperm transport to tail for storage
  2. storage until ejaculation
  3. maturation: acquire forward motility pattern and acquire specific surface proteins.
48
Q

where does the vas deferens start and where does it end?

A

Starts at the epididymis and ends at the prostate gland.

49
Q

True or flase: the ductus deferens is surrounded by 3 layers of smooth muscle like the gut.

A

True

50
Q

what is the purpose of seminal vesicle?

A
  • secrete alkaline (neutralize acid in female), viscous fluid
  • rich in fructose which is used for ATP production by sperm
  • contains citrate, prostalgandins, and other proteins needed for caogulation of semen
51
Q

what percent of the ejacuate is made up of the fluids from the seminal vesical?

A

60-70%

52
Q

what percent of the ejacualate is made up of fluids from the prostate?

A

about 30%

53
Q

How does secretions of prostate maintain fluidity of sperm?

A

Prostate secretes proteaes such as PS (chylomicron-like) which maintain semen fluidity by acting as an anticoagulant (Fibrinolysis)

54
Q

what is the purpose of the muscular pump of the prostate gland?

A

Smooth muscle surrounding the glands forces ejection of prostaic fluid to mix into the seminal fluid during ejaculation.

55
Q

what are the functions of the prostate gland?

A
  1. produces 30% of volume of seminal fluid
  2. provides nutrients
  3. prostatic acid phoshpatase
    4Proteases such as PS main tain semn fluidity by 5acting as a anticoaguant
  4. antibiotic - function of some secretion from central zone
  5. formation, syntehsis and release regulated by DHT
56
Q

how would you recognize the prostate on a corss section?

A

Presence of corpora amylase

- lamaellated bodies that form by precipitation o fsecretory materal around cell fragments

57
Q

what are the division of the prostate gland?

A
  1. peripheral,
  2. central
  3. transitional
  4. perinurethral
58
Q

In which division of the prostate gland is BPH localized to?

A

cnetral zone

59
Q

In which division of the prostate gland is prostate Cancer most often seen in?

A

peripheral zone

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