Fetal and Neontal physiology

Question 1

How do you calculate gestational age?

Answer 1

fertilization age + 2 weeks

Question 2

Growth occurs via a combination of what type of cell changes?

Answer 2

Hyperplasia, and hypertrophy

Question 3

what is the 3 sequential phases of growth?

Answer 3

1. pure hyperplasia
2. hyperplasia and concomitant hypertophy
3. hypertorphy alone

Question 4

what is the primary form of placental growth?

Answer 4

hypertrophy

Question 5

what is intrauterine growth restriction caused by?

Answer 5

abnormal growth and development and risk factors include: birth asphyxia, hypoglycemia hypocalcemia, meconium aspiration, pulmonary htn, pulmonary hemorrhage and etc.
-may be due to decreased placental reserve

Question 6

At what week does heart begin to form?

Answer 6

week 4

Question 7

What is the initial hr and final hr immediately before brith

Answer 7

65 and 140

Question 8

Where does blood cell formation begin, 6th month, 12th month?

Answer 8

yolk sac –> liver –> bone marrow

Question 9

By when does Hb begin to grow?

Answer 9

week 3

Question 10

When does the fetus start to ingest amniotic fluid?

Answer 10

2nd trimester and continues throughout

Question 11

by what week does the fetus began to accumulate rapidly_

Answer 11

12

Question 12

when the does the fetus begin to pee?

Answer 12

2nd trimester

Question 13

When does full development of renal contorl and regulation of EC volume, electorlyte balance, acid-base balance finish by?

Answer 13

Few months after birth. The contorl doesn’t start until late fetal period

Question 14

True or false: a small amount of luids are secreted into the lungs by alveolar epithelium up until birth even though the the lungs are deflacted and does not perfrom respiration.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

what are the stimuli for initiation of breathing at birth?

Answer 15

• asphyxiation during birth

- sudden drop in ambient temp and cooling of skin

Question 16

How much pressure is needed to uplist the surface tension of the alveoli at birth

Answer 16

> 25 mmHg. luckily neonates are able to generate about 60 mmHg of negative presure in the intrapleural space and the 1st inspiration takes in about 40 mL of air

Question 17

what governs the unique blood flow in the fetus?

Answer 17

4 shunts: placenta; ductus venosus; foramen ovale; ductus arteriosus

Question 18

From the umbilical vein, the blood goes to what shunt next

Answer 18

Enters the ductus venosus, helps bypass the liver, to go to the inferior vena cava

Question 19

Where does the blood enter after the vena cava?

Answer 19

Goes to the right atrium and then goes through the foramen ovale to go to the left atrium

Question 20

About what % of the blood that enters the right atright goes through the foramen ovale to the LV? where does the rest go?

Answer 20

About 27% goes through foramen ovale. The rest goes tot he RV and then go the pulnary trunk

Question 21

Where does the blood go from pulmonary trunk ?

Answer 21

Goes through the ductus arteriosus and goes to the aorta.

Question 22

if there was increased prostaglandins during birth, what would happen to the ductus arteriosus?

Answer 22

it will remain open - patent ductus arteriosus

Question 23

what changes in resistance/pressure take place at birth?

Answer 23

• increase in aortic pressure
• increase in pressure in LV and LA
• pulmonary vascular resistance decrease due to lung expansion
• resistance of blood through lungs is reduced which reduces pulmonary arterial pressure and RV pressure and RA pressure

Question 24

which vaccine is necessary for the baby within first month of life?

Answer 24

pertussus