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GU MALE > Male Reproductive System 19-2 > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System 19-2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the accessory sex glands for the male reproductive system?

A
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Prostate
  • Bulbourethral glands
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2
Q

What are the system of ducts that makes up the male reproductive system?

A
  • Epididymis
  • Ductus deferens
  • Ejaculatory ducts
  • Urethra
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3
Q

What are the supporting structures of the male reproductive system?

A
  • Scrotum
  • Penis
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4
Q

What organs make up the male reproductive system?

System of ducts:
Accessory sex glands:
Supporting structures:

A
  • Testes
  • System of ducts: epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra
  • Accessory sex glands: seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands
  • Supporting structures: scrotum and penis
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5
Q

What does semen consist of?

A
  • sperm plus secretions provided by accessory sex glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral gland)
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6
Q

How is sperm transported, stored, helped to mature, and conveyed to the exterior?

A
  • by a system of ducts
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7
Q

What is the dense white fibrous capsule that extends inward and divides each testis into internal compartments?

A
  • lobules
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8
Q

What type of cells line the seminiferous tubules?

A
  • spermatogenic cells
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9
Q

What part of the testes is responsible for producing sperm?

A
  • seminiferous tubules
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10
Q

Which cells in the testes are responsible for releasing the hormone inhibin?

A
  • Sertoli cells
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11
Q

Which cells in the testes are responsible for supporting, protecting, and nourishing spermatogenic cells?

A
  • sertoli cells
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12
Q

Which cells in the testes are responsible for phagocytizing degenerating spermatogenic cells?

A
  • sertoli cells
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13
Q

Which cells in the testes are responsible for secreting the hormone testosterone?

A
  • leydig cells
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14
Q

Which hormone promotes the development of masculine characteristics?

A
  • androgen
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15
Q

Which hormone promotes a man’s libido (sex drive)?

A
  • testosterone
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16
Q

What is the pouch that supports the testes called?

A
  • scrotum
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17
Q

what does the scrotum consist of?

A
  • loose skin
  • superficial fascia
  • smooth muscle
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18
Q

What divides the scrotum into two sacs?

A
  • septum
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19
Q

How many degrees below normal body temperature is required for optimal production and survival of sperm?

A

2 - 3 degrees C

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20
Q

How is the scrotum able to maintain the temperature requirements for sperm production?

A
  • because it is outside of the pelvic cavity
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21
Q

What is spermatogennesis?

A
  • the process by which the seminiferous tubules of the testes produce sperm
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22
Q

What are the three stages of spermatogenesis?

A
  • stage 1: meiosis I
  • stage 2: meiosis II
  • spermiogenesis
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23
Q

What are diploid cells?

A
  • somatic cells containing TWO sets of chromosomes
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24
Q

How does gametes differ from somatic cells (diploid)?

A
  • gametes contain a SINGLE set of chromosomes (haploid)
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25
Q

When does spermatogenesis begins?

A
  • during puberty and continues throughout life
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26
Q

How long does it take for the onset of cell division to the time sperm is released into the lumen of a seminiferous tubule?

A
  • 65 to 75 days
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27
Q

In which stage of spermatogenesis is there no further further replication of DNA?

A
  • meiosis II
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28
Q

When does DNA replication occurs?

A
  • interphase
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29
Q

What are the haploid cells formed during meiosis Ii called?

A
  • spermatids
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30
Q

How much sperm is produced daily?

A
  • 300 million
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31
Q

Most sperm die within how many hours after ejaculation into the female reproductive tract?

A
  • do not survive more than 48 hours
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32
Q

What is the major part of the sperm cell?

A
  • head
  • tail
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33
Q

What portion of the sperm contains the nuclear material (DNA) and acrosome?

A
  • head
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34
Q

What enzyme aids in penetration by the sperm into a secondary oocyte?

A
  • acrosome
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35
Q

What are the 4 parts of the tail of the sperm?

A
  • neck
  • middle piece
  • principal piece
  • end piece
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36
Q

What portion of the tail of the sperm contains mitochondria?

A
  • middle piece
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37
Q

What is the longest portion of the sperm tail?

A
  • principal piece
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38
Q

What provides ATP for locomotion of the sperm?

A
  • mitochondria
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39
Q

Where is the site of sperm maturation?

A
  • ductus epididymis
40
Q

How long can sperm remain in the ductus epididymis for storage?

A
  • several months
41
Q

Where is the main location for the storage of sperm?

A
  • epididymis
42
Q

How many muscle layers make up the ductus (vas) deferens?

A
  • made up of a heavy coat of 3 muscle layers
43
Q

What structures come together to form the ejaculatory duct?

A
  • the ductus (vas) deferens and seminal vesicles
44
Q

What is responsible for carrying sperm into the urethra?

A
  • ejaculatory duct
45
Q

What is the terminal duct of the male reproductive system?

A
  • urethra
46
Q

What does the urethra pass through in males?

A
  • prostate
  • deep perineal muscles
  • penis
47
Q

What is responsible for secreting most of the liquid portion of semen?

A
  • accessory sex glands
48
Q

What secretes an alkaline, viscous fluid that contains fructose, prostaglandin, and clotting proteins?

A
  • seminal vesicles
49
Q

What does seminal vesicles fluid consist of?

A
  • fructose
  • prostaglandins
  • clotting proteins
50
Q

What helps neutralize the acidic environment of the male urethra and female reproductive tract?

A
  • the alkaline nature of the seminal vesicle fluid
51
Q

What is used for ATP production by the sperm?

A
  • fructose
52
Q

What contributes to sperm motility and viability and may also stimulate muscular contractions within the female reproductive tract?

A
  • prostaglandins
53
Q

What helps semen coagulate after ejaculation?

A
  • clotting protein
54
Q

What volume of semen does seminal vesicle fluid make up?

A
  • 60%
55
Q

At what age does further enlargement of the prostate occur?

A
  • about 45
56
Q

The prostate slowly increases in size from __________ to __________ and then it expands rapidly.

A
  • birth
  • puberty
57
Q

What is described as a single donut shaped gland that is about the size of a golf ball?

A
  • prostate
58
Q

What does the prostate secrete?

A
  • a milky slightly acidic fluid that contains citric acid, acid phosphate, and several protein digesting enzymes
59
Q

Which fluid secreted by the accessory sex gland is alkaline?

A
  • seminal vesicles
60
Q

Which fluid secreted by the accessory sex gland is slightly acidic?

A
  • prostatic fluid
61
Q

What is the pH of prostate fluid?

A
  • 6.5
62
Q

What percentage of prostatic secretions make up the volume of semen?

A
  • 25%
63
Q

How big are the bulbourethral glands?

A
  • about the size of peas
64
Q

What is responsible for secreting an alkaline substance into the urethra during sexual arousal?

A
  • bulbourethral glands
65
Q

What gland secretes mucus that lubricates the end of the penis and the lining of the urethra?

A
  • bulbourethral glands
66
Q

What is semen a mixture of?

A
  • sperm
  • seminal vesicles secretion
  • prostate secretion
  • bulbourethral secretion
67
Q

What is the volume of semen in a typical ejaculation?

A
  • 2.5 to 5 mL
68
Q

How much sperm is in a mL of semen?

A
  • 50 to 150 million sperm per/mL
69
Q

What value must sperm be for males to be classified as infertile?

A
  • below 20 million per mL
70
Q

What is the pH of semen?

A
  • slightly alkaline pH of 7.2 to 7.7
71
Q

What gives semen a milky appearance?

A
  • prostatic secretions
72
Q

What gives semen a sticky consistency?

A
  • fluid from the seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands
73
Q

What 3 sections make up the penis?

A
  • root
  • body
  • glans penis
74
Q

What is the attached portion of the penis?

A
  • the root
75
Q

What 3 cylindrical masses of tissue makes up the body of the penis?

A
  • 2 dorsolateral masses: CORPORA CAVERNOSA
  • 1 CORPUS SPONGIOSUM
76
Q

Which mass of tissue found in the body of the penis contains the urethra?

A
  • corpus spongiosum
77
Q

What is the distal end of the corpus spongiosum known as?

A
  • glans penis
78
Q

What covers the glans penis in an uncircumcised penis?

A
  • prepuce or foreskin
79
Q

What type of reflex is ejaculation?

A
  • a sympathetic reflex coordinated by the lumbar portion of the spinal cord
80
Q

Where is gonadotropin releasing hormone GnRH secreted from?

A
  • from the neurotransmitter cells located in the hypothalamus
81
Q

When does the increase in GnRH secretion takes place?

A
  • at the onset of puberty
82
Q

Where is the luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) secreted from?

A
  • anterior pituitary gland
83
Q

What hormone stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete LH and FSH?

A
  • GnRH
84
Q

What steroid hormone is synthesized from cholesterol in the testes?

A
  • testosterone
85
Q

What cells are stimulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) to secrete testosterone?

A
  • leydig cells
86
Q

What is the principal androgen?

A
  • testosterone
87
Q

What is responsible for converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT)?

A
  • an enzyme in some target cells
88
Q

What two things are required to stimulate spermatogenesis?

A
  • FSH and testosterone
89
Q

What hormone is responsible for the development of male reproductive system ducts and the descent of the testes during prenatal development (before birth)?

A
  • testosterone
90
Q

What hormone is responsible for stimulating the development of the external genitals?

A
  • dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
91
Q

Where in the body is testosterone converted to estrogen?

A
  • the brain
92
Q

When does testosterone and DHT bring about the development and enlargement of male sex organs?

A
  • at puberty
93
Q

When does the development of masculine secondary characteristics take place?

A
  • at puberty
94
Q

List some examples of masculine secondary characteristics that develops at puberty?

A
  • muscular and skeletal growth
  • wide shoulders
  • narrow hips
  • pubic, axillary, facial, and chest hair
  • thickening of the skin
  • increased sebaceous gland secretions
  • enlargement of the larynx
  • deepening of the voice
95
Q

What type of hormone stimulate protein synthesis?

A
  • anabolic hormones
96
Q

What is an example of an anabolic hormone?

A
  • androgens (DHT and testosterone)
  • *meaning they stimulate protein synthesis**
97
Q

What hormone plays a role in the development of certain regions of the brain in males?

A
  • estrogen

GU MALE (4 decks)

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