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GU MALE > GU A&P 19-1 > Flashcards

GU A&P 19-1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the urinary system

A

2 kidneys
2 ureters
1 bladder
1 urethra

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2
Q

What are the 5 functions of the kidneys

A
  • regulate ion
  • regulate blood volume / BP
  • regulate pH
  • produce hormones
  • excrete waste
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3
Q

what enzyme does the kidney secrete

A

renin

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4
Q

what 2 hormones are produced in the kidneys

A
  • calcitrol
  • erythropoietin
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5
Q

what hormone secreted by the kidney is responsible for regulating calcium?

A

calcitrol

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6
Q

what hormone secreted by the kidney is responsible for the production of RBCs

A
  • erythropoietin
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7
Q

what is the function of the renal capsule?

A
  • maintain shape and barrier against trauma
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8
Q

what is the function of the adipose tissue that surrounds the renal capsule

A
  • provide cushion, and anchor the kidney to the posterior abdominal wall
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9
Q

what are the two main regions of the kidney

A

renal cortex
renal medulla

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10
Q

how many minor calyces are there

A

8-12

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11
Q

how many major calyces are there

A

2-3

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12
Q

what is the flow of urine

A

papillary ducts
collecting ducts
minor calyces
major calyces
renal pelvis
ureter
bladder

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13
Q

renal blood supply makes up what percentage of resting cardiac output?

A

20 - 25%

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14
Q

how much blood flows into the kidney per minute

A

1200 mL

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15
Q

what is the flow of blood through the kidneys

A

renal artery
afferent arterioles
glomerulus
efferent arterioles
peritubular capillaries

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16
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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17
Q

how many nephrons are in each kidney

A

a million

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18
Q

what two parts make up a nephron

A

renal corpuscle
renal tubule

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19
Q

what 2 parts make up the renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus
glomerular capsule

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20
Q

what does the renal tubule consist of

A

pct
loop of henle
dct

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21
Q

what is the basic functions of nephrons

A

glomerular filtration
tubular absorption
tubular secretion

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22
Q

what is the first step in urine production

A

glomerular filtration

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23
Q

what percentage of filtered water is returned to the blood

A

99%

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24
Q

what cells make up the inner wall of the glomerular capsule

A

podocytes

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25
Q

what two things form the filtration membrane

A

podocytes
glomerular endothelium

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26
Q

what things are too large to pass through the plasma membrane

A

blood cells
plasma proteins

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27
Q

what causes filtration

A

blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries

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28
Q

what opposes glomerular filtration

A

blood colloid osmotic pressure
glomerular capsule pressure

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29
Q

what is the normal net filtration pressure

A

10mmhg

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30
Q

what is the volume of fluid the net filtration pressure forces in the glomerular capsule in females

A

150 liters /day

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31
Q

what is the volume of fluid the net filtration pressure forces in the glomerular capsule filtration in males

A

180 liters /day

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32
Q

what is the amount of filtrate that forms in each kidneys every minute

A

glomerular filtration rate

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33
Q

what happens to the net filtration pressure when afferent arterioles are constricted

A

decreased blood flow which decrease net filtration pressure

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34
Q

what happens to the net filtration pressure when the efferent arterioles are constricted

A

slows outflow of blood which increases net filtration

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35
Q

what is the GFR in males

A

125ml/min

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36
Q

what is the GFR in females

A

105 ml/min

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37
Q

what happens if GFR is too low

A

nearly all filtrate is reabsorbed and waste not properly excreted

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38
Q

what happens when GFR is too high

A

needed substances pass so quickly through the renal tubules

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39
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

BP/Blood volume relation:
Electrolyte loss/gain:

A

increased BP/blood volume cause the cells in the heart to stretch and secrete the hormone ANP

ANP then act on the kidneys to Promotes NA+ and water loss

which then reduce the blood volume back to normal

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40
Q

what part of the renal tubule absorbs the largest amount of filtered water

A

proximal convoluted tubules

41
Q

how much glucose and amino acid is absorbed in the PCT

A

100%

42
Q

what is the normal pH of blood

A

7.35 - 7.45

43
Q

what is the most important hormonal regulator of ion reabsorption and secretion

A

angiotensin II

aldosterone

44
Q

Angiotensin II

Blood volume/BP relation:

Electrolyte gain/loss:

A

when blood volume/BP is low angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

Enhances reabsorption of NA+ and CL-

45
Q

Aldosterone

Blood volume/BP relation:

Electrolyte gain/loss:

A

when blood volume/BP is low angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone

Resorbs more Na+ and CL- and secrete K+

46
Q

what is the major hormonal regulator of K+

A

Aldosterone stimulated secretion of K+

47
Q

what is the major hormone that regulates water reabsorption

A

Antidiuretic hormone ADH

48
Q

when the concentration of water in the blood decrease by 1%, what type of receptors stimulates the release of ADH

A

osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus stimulates the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary

49
Q

how much concentrated urine can the kidney produce when ADH concentration is maximal

A

400-500 mL

50
Q

what secretes PTH

A

parathyroid glands

51
Q

what hormone is responsible for the reabsorption of Ca2+

A

PTH

calcitrol

52
Q

how much urine is eliminated per day in a normal adult

A

1 - 2 liters

53
Q

water accounts for what percentage of the total volume of urine

A

95%

54
Q

what are the 3 walls of the ureter

A

inner - mucosa

middle - smooth muscle

outer - areolar connective tissue

55
Q

which layer of the ureter is made of transitional epithelium

A

inner mucosa layer

56
Q

what layer of the ureter contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves

A

areolar connective tissue

57
Q

what is the urinary bladder capacity average

A

700 - 800 ml

58
Q

where are detrusor muscles found

A

urinary bladder

59
Q

what is the process of micturition

A
  1. volume of the urinary bladder exceeds 200-400 ml
  2. stretch receptors transmit nerve impulses into the spinal cord
  3. Parasympathetic impulse from the spinal cord causes contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal sphincter
  4. somatic motor neurons cause relaxation of the external urethra sphincter
60
Q

what percentage of body fluid makes up the total body mass in an adult

A

55 - 60%

61
Q

how much fluid is located within the cells

A

2 / 3

62
Q

how much fluid is located outside the cell walls

A

1 / 3

63
Q

what is interstitual fluids

A

the space between cells

64
Q

what fluid makes up interstitual fluid

A

lymph

cerebral spinal fluid

synovial fluids

aqueous humor and vitreous humor

endolymph and perilymph

pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal

65
Q

how much of the ECF is interstitual fluid

A

80%

66
Q

how much ECF is blood plasma

A

20%

67
Q

what are the two barriers that separate intracellular fluid, interstitual fluid, and blood plasma

A

plasma membrane

blood vessel

68
Q

what percentage of water makes up body mass

A

45 - 75%

69
Q

what ways does the body gain water

A

ingested liquids - 1600 ml

moist food - 700 ml

metabolic / chemical reaction - 200 ml

daily water gain - 2500

70
Q

what ways is water loss

A

kidney excrete urine - 1500 ml

evaporates from skin - 600 ml

exhale from lungs - 300 ml

eliminated in feces - 100 ml

total daily water loss 2500

71
Q

what governs the urge to drink

A

thirst center in the hypothalamus

72
Q

what stimulates thirst

A
  • a decrease in volume and an increase in osmotic pressure (osmoreceptors)
  • decreased saliva
  • increased angiotensin II
73
Q

when does mild dehydration happens

A

when body mass decrease by 2% due to fluid loss

74
Q

what is the main factor that determines body fluid volume

A

NaCl loss

75
Q

what causes cells to shrink

A

an increase in the osmotic pressure of the interstitual fluid (draws water out of the cell)

76
Q

what causes cells to swell

A

a decrease in osmotic pressure of the interstitual fluid

77
Q

what is the most abundant extracellular ion

A

Na+

90% total

78
Q

what is the most abundant extracellular anion

A

Cl-

79
Q

what is the most abundant intracellular cation

A

K+

80
Q

what is the level of K+ in blood plasma controlled by

A

aldosterone

81
Q

what are the 4 functions of electrolytes

A
  1. osmosis of water
  2. maintain acid base balance
  3. carry electrical current
  4. cofactor for enzyme activity
82
Q

what are the 3 main ways that acid base balance is regulated in the body

A
  1. buffer systems
  2. exalation of CO2
  3. Kidney excretion of H+
83
Q

what are substances that act quickly and temporarily bind H+

A

buffer systems

84
Q

what is the most abundant buffer system in the intracellular fluid and plasma

A

protein buffer system

85
Q

what is the functional component of protein buffer system

A

carboxyl group

amino group

86
Q

what are the components of the phosphate buffer system

A

dihydrogen phosphate

mono-hydrogen phosphate

87
Q

what are the 3 types of buffer systems

A

carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer

phosphate buffer

protein buffer

88
Q

where are chemoreceptors located

A

medulla oblongata

aortic and carotid bodies

89
Q

what are chemoreceptors responsible for detecting

A

pH

90
Q

what is the slowest mechanism for removal of acids and the only way to eliminate most acids from the body

A

kidney excretion of H+

91
Q

what is the pH in acidosis

A

below 7.35

92
Q

what is the pH in alkalosis

A

higher than 7.45

93
Q

what is the principal physiological effect of acidosis

A

depression of the CNS

comatose

disoriented

death

94
Q

what is the major physiological effect of alkalosis

A

over excitability

muscle spasm

convulsion

death

95
Q

what type of compensation is required if blood pH is altered due to metabolic cause

A

respiratory compensation

96
Q

what type of compensation is required if blood pH is altered due to respiratory causes

A

renal compensation

97
Q

when does renal compensation occur?

when does it reaches its maximum effect?

A

occurs within minutes

reaches its maximal effects in DAYS

98
Q

when does respiratory compensation occur?

when does it reaches its maximum effect?

A

occurs within minutes

reaches its Maximal effects within HOURS

GU MALE (4 decks)

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