GU A&P 19-1 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the components of the urinary system
A
2 kidneys
2 ureters
1 bladder
1 urethra
2
Q
What are the 5 functions of the kidneys
A
- regulate ion
- regulate blood volume / BP
- regulate pH
- produce hormones
- excrete waste
3
Q
what enzyme does the kidney secrete
A
renin
4
Q
what 2 hormones are produced in the kidneys
A
- calcitrol
- erythropoietin
5
Q
what hormone secreted by the kidney is responsible for regulating calcium?
A
calcitrol
6
Q
what hormone secreted by the kidney is responsible for the production of RBCs
A
- erythropoietin
7
Q
what is the function of the renal capsule?
A
- maintain shape and barrier against trauma
8
Q
what is the function of the adipose tissue that surrounds the renal capsule
A
- provide cushion, and anchor the kidney to the posterior abdominal wall
9
Q
what are the two main regions of the kidney
A
renal cortex
renal medulla
10
Q
how many minor calyces are there
A
8-12
11
Q
how many major calyces are there
A
2-3
12
Q
what is the flow of urine
A
papillary ducts
collecting ducts
minor calyces
major calyces
renal pelvis
ureter
bladder
13
Q
renal blood supply makes up what percentage of resting cardiac output?
A
20 - 25%
14
Q
how much blood flows into the kidney per minute
A
1200 mL
15
Q
what is the flow of blood through the kidneys
A
renal artery
afferent arterioles
glomerulus
efferent arterioles
peritubular capillaries
16
Q
what is the functional unit of the kidney
A
nephron
17
Q
how many nephrons are in each kidney
A
a million
18
Q
what two parts make up a nephron
A
renal corpuscle
renal tubule
19
Q
what 2 parts make up the renal corpuscle
A
glomerulus
glomerular capsule
20
Q
what does the renal tubule consist of
A
pct
loop of henle
dct
21
Q
what is the basic functions of nephrons
A
glomerular filtration
tubular absorption
tubular secretion
22
Q
what is the first step in urine production
A
glomerular filtration
23
Q
what percentage of filtered water is returned to the blood
A
99%
24
Q
what cells make up the inner wall of the glomerular capsule
A
podocytes
25
what two things form the filtration membrane
podocytes
glomerular endothelium
26
what things are too large to pass through the plasma membrane
blood cells
plasma proteins
27
what causes filtration
blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries
28
what opposes glomerular filtration
blood colloid osmotic pressure
glomerular capsule pressure
29
what is the normal net filtration pressure
10mmhg
30
what is the volume of fluid the net filtration pressure forces in the glomerular capsule in females
150 liters /day
31
what is the volume of fluid the net filtration pressure forces in the glomerular capsule filtration in males
180 liters /day
32
what is the amount of filtrate that forms in each kidneys every minute
glomerular filtration rate
33
what happens to the net filtration pressure when afferent arterioles are constricted
decreased blood flow which decrease net filtration pressure
34
what happens to the net filtration pressure when the efferent arterioles are constricted
slows outflow of blood which increases net filtration
35
what is the GFR in males
125ml/min
36
what is the GFR in females
105 ml/min
37
what happens if GFR is too low
nearly all filtrate is reabsorbed and waste not properly excreted
38
what happens when GFR is too high
needed substances pass so quickly through the renal tubules
39
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
BP/Blood volume relation:
Electrolyte loss/gain:
increased BP/blood volume cause the cells in the heart to stretch and secrete the hormone ANP
**ANP then act on the kidneys to Promotes NA+ and water loss**
which then reduce the blood volume back to normal
40
what part of the renal tubule absorbs the largest amount of filtered water
proximal convoluted tubules
41
how much glucose and amino acid is absorbed in the PCT
100%
42
what is the normal pH of blood
7.35 - 7.45
43
what is the most important hormonal regulator of ion reabsorption and secretion
angiotensin II
aldosterone
44
Angiotensin II
Blood volume/BP relation:
Electrolyte gain/loss:
when blood volume/BP is low angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
## Footnote
**Enhances reabsorption of NA+ and CL-**
45
Aldosterone
Blood volume/BP relation:
Electrolyte gain/loss:
when blood volume/BP is low angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
## Footnote
**Resorbs more Na+ and CL- and secrete K+**
46
what is the major hormonal regulator of K+
Aldosterone stimulated secretion of K+
47
what is the major hormone that regulates water reabsorption
Antidiuretic hormone ADH
48
when the concentration of water in the blood decrease by 1%, what type of receptors stimulates the release of ADH
osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus stimulates the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary
49
how much concentrated urine can the kidney produce when ADH concentration is maximal
400-500 mL
50
what secretes PTH
parathyroid glands
51
what hormone is responsible for the reabsorption of Ca2+
PTH
calcitrol
52
how much urine is eliminated per day in a normal adult
1 - 2 liters
53
water accounts for what percentage of the total volume of urine
95%
54
what are the 3 walls of the ureter
inner - **mucosa**
middle - **smooth muscle**
outer - **areolar connective tissue**
55
which layer of the ureter is made of transitional epithelium
inner mucosa layer
56
what layer of the ureter contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves
areolar connective tissue
57
what is the urinary bladder capacity average
700 - 800 ml
58
where are detrusor muscles found
urinary bladder
59
what is the process of micturition
1. volume of the urinary bladder exceeds 200-400 ml
2. stretch receptors transmit nerve impulses into the spinal cord
3. **Parasympathetic impulse** from the spinal cord causes contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the **internal sphincter**
4. **somatic motor neurons** cause relaxation of the **external urethra sphincter**
60
what percentage of body fluid makes up the total body mass in an adult
55 - 60%
61
how much fluid is located within the cells
2 / 3
62
how much fluid is located outside the cell walls
1 / 3
63
what is interstitual fluids
the space between cells
64
what fluid makes up interstitual fluid
lymph
cerebral spinal fluid
synovial fluids
aqueous humor and vitreous humor
endolymph and perilymph
pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal
65
how much of the ECF is interstitual fluid
80%
66
how much ECF is blood plasma
20%
67
what are the two barriers that separate intracellular fluid, interstitual fluid, and blood plasma
plasma membrane
blood vessel
68
what percentage of water makes up body mass
45 - 75%
69
what ways does the body gain water
ingested liquids - 1600 ml
moist food - 700 ml
metabolic / chemical reaction - 200 ml
**daily water gain - 2500**
70
what ways is water loss
kidney excrete urine - 1500 ml
evaporates from skin - 600 ml
exhale from lungs - 300 ml
eliminated in feces - 100 ml
**total daily water loss 2500**
71
what governs the urge to drink
thirst center in the hypothalamus
72
what stimulates thirst
* a decrease in volume and an increase in osmotic pressure (osmoreceptors)
* decreased saliva
* increased angiotensin II
73
when does mild dehydration happens
when body mass decrease by 2% due to fluid loss
74
what is the main factor that determines body fluid volume
NaCl loss
75
what causes cells to shrink
an increase in the osmotic pressure of the interstitual fluid **(draws water out of the cell)**
76
what causes cells to swell
a decrease in osmotic pressure of the interstitual fluid
77
what is the most abundant extracellular ion
Na+
90% total
78
what is the most abundant extracellular anion
Cl-
79
what is the most abundant intracellular cation
K+
80
what is the level of K+ in blood plasma controlled by
aldosterone
81
what are the 4 functions of electrolytes
1. osmosis of water
2. maintain acid base balance
3. carry electrical current
4. cofactor for enzyme activity
82
what are the 3 main ways that acid base balance is regulated in the body
1. buffer systems
2. exalation of CO2
3. Kidney excretion of H+
83
what are substances that act quickly and temporarily bind H+
buffer systems
84
what is the most abundant buffer system in the intracellular fluid and plasma
protein buffer system
85
what is the functional component of protein buffer system
carboxyl group
amino group
86
what are the components of the phosphate buffer system
dihydrogen phosphate
mono-hydrogen phosphate
87
what are the 3 types of buffer systems
carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer
phosphate buffer
protein buffer
88
where are chemoreceptors located
medulla oblongata
aortic and carotid bodies
89
what are chemoreceptors responsible for detecting
pH
90
what is the slowest mechanism for removal of acids and the only way to eliminate most acids from the body
kidney excretion of H+
91
what is the pH in acidosis
below 7.35
92
what is the pH in alkalosis
higher than 7.45
93
what is the principal physiological effect of acidosis
depression of the CNS
comatose
disoriented
death
94
what is the major physiological effect of alkalosis
over excitability
muscle spasm
convulsion
death
95
what type of compensation is required if blood pH is altered due to metabolic cause
respiratory compensation
96
what type of compensation is required if blood pH is altered due to respiratory causes
renal compensation
97
when does renal compensation occur?
when does it reaches its maximum effect?
occurs within minutes
reaches its maximal effects in **DAYS**
98
when does respiratory compensation occur?
when does it reaches its maximum effect?
occurs within minutes
reaches its Maximal effects within **HOURS**
