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Anatomy & Physiology II Final Exam > Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A specialized sex cell that carries 23 chromosomes

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2
Q

What is sperm?

A

The male gamete

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3
Q

Where is sperm produced?

A

The testes

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4
Q

What are androgens?

A

Sex hormones in the male

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5
Q

What is the androgen that runs reproduction in the male?

A

Testosterone

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6
Q

Where are the testes?

A

In the scrotum (inferior to penis)

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7
Q

Why are the testes located in the scrotum?

A

To stay 2-4 degrees cooler than the rest of the body

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8
Q

Which muscles contract/relax to raise/lower the testes to keep them at a homeostatic temperature?

A

Dartos and cremaster

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9
Q

What is the glans penis?

A

The sensitive/erotic area of the penis

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the foreskin over the glans penis?

A

To protect against friction.

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11
Q

Why do some people get circumcised?

A

For religious reasons or to prevent infection

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12
Q

What is circumcision?

A

Cutting off the foreskin that covers the glans penis

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13
Q

What are the testicles separated by?

A

The scrotal septum

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14
Q

What does each teste have?

A

A spermatic cord

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15
Q

What do the spermatic cords have in them?

A

An artery, a vein, nerves, lymphatic drainage, and ductus deferens

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16
Q

What are ductus deferens for?

A

Ejaculation

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17
Q

What is another name for the testes?

A

The male gonads

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18
Q

What are the male gonads?

A

A pair of reproductive organs

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19
Q

What are the layers of the male gonads?

A

Tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea

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20
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis?

A

The outer serous membrane of the male gonads

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21
Q

What is the Tunica albuginea?

A

Tough connective tissue that covers and separates the testes into 300-400 lobules

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22
Q

Where does sperm develop and travel?

A

Develops in the lobule, the sperm is tightly coiled, and travels through seminiferous tubules

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23
Q

When do the testes descend?

A

Around month 7 in the womb

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24
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

When the testes fail to descend before birth

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25
Q

What pushes the sperm cell to the epididymis?

A

Peristalsis

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26
Q

Where do the sperm cells go from the seminiferous lobules?

A

The head of the epididymis

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27
Q

Where do the sperm cells go from the head of the epididymis?

A

The body of the epididymus and then the tail

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28
Q

Where do the sperm cells wait for ejaculation?

A

The tail of the epididymis

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29
Q

What forces the sperm cells up the ductus deferens for ejaculation?

A

Strong muscular contractions

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30
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

Blocking the ductus deferens so sperm cells can’t move through

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31
Q

What promotes sperm production?

A

Sertoli cells

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32
Q

What do sertoli cells do other than promote sperm production?

A

Eliminate germ cells and create the blood-testis barrier due to tight junctions

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33
Q

What is the stem/germ cell of the testes?

A

Spermatogonia

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34
Q

What is spermatogenisis?

A

The process of producing sperm in the seminiferous tubules

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35
Q

When does spermatogenesis begin?

A

During puberty

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36
Q

How long is 1 spermatogenesis cycle?

A

64 days

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37
Q

When does a new spermatogenesis cycle start and why?

A

Every 16 days because of the flow of testosterone

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38
Q

What do you get from 1 spermatogonia?

A

4 haploid daughter cells (spermatids)

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39
Q

What are spermatids?

A

The transition phase between spermatogonia and sperm cell

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40
Q

What part of the cell is a spermatid

A

The genetic information/the head of the sperm cell

41
Q

How does spermatogonium divide?

A

Mitosis

42
Q

How does the primary spermatocyte divide?

A

Meiosis I

43
Q

How does the Secondary spermatocyte divide?

A

Meiosis II

44
Q

How big is the sperm?

A

Smaller than most cells and 85,000 times less in volume than a female gamete

45
Q

What are the 3 sections of the sperm?

A

Head, mid-piece, tail

46
Q

What does the head of the sperm contain?

A

Haploid nucleus, a little cytoplasm, genetic information, and covered in lysosomal enzymes

47
Q

What does the mid-piece of the sperm contain?

A

Tightly packed mitochondria that produced ATP so the sperm cell can move

48
Q

What does the tail of the sperm cell contain?

A

Flagellum for movement/motility

49
Q

What type of movement does the sperm tail have?

A

Back and forth movement to go from the male to female oocyte, circular movement when it finds the oocyte to dig into the oocyte wall

50
Q

How many sperm cells are being produced per day?

A

100-300 million

51
Q

How long does it take for sperm cells to move through epididymis?

A

12 days

52
Q

What is the structure of the epididymis?

A

6 meters long and tightly coiled

53
Q

What happens in the epididymis?

A

Sperm continue maturation and are moved by smooth muscle until the tail fully develops

54
Q

Where does sperm go after the epididymis?

A

The ductus deferens

55
Q

Where does the ductus deferens end?

A

The male ampulla

56
Q

Where is the male ampulla?

A

Posterior to the bladder

57
Q

How much do the seminal vesicles contribute to the semen volume?

A

60%

58
Q

What does the seminal vesicles produce?

A

Fructose for ATP

59
Q

Where does the fructose meet the sperm cells?

A

The ejaculatory duct

60
Q

How big is the prostate gland?

A

The size of a walnut

61
Q

Do women have a prostate gland?

A

No.

62
Q

What does the prostate gland do?

A

Secrete fluid to coagulate the semen (which de-coagulates in the female)

63
Q

Why does the prostate gland coagulate the semen?

A

As a protective coating for inside of the female because the vagina canal is too acidic for the sperm to survive

64
Q

When does the prostate gland double in size?

A

During puberty

65
Q

When does the prostate gland continue to gradually grow?

A

After age 25

66
Q

What is prostate cancer?

A

The 2nd most common disease in men where the prostate gland continues to grow

67
Q

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

When the prostate gets too big

68
Q

What does benign prostatic hyperplasia cause?

A

The urge to urinate, weak stream of urine, and discomfort while urinating

69
Q

What detects prostate cancer?

A

History, blood test, and rectal exam

70
Q

What do the bulbourethral glands do?

A

Release thick and salty fluid to lubricate the end of the urethra and vagina, and clean urine residue

71
Q

What is the last thing that add fluid to the semen?

A

The bulbourethral glands

72
Q

When do the bulbourethral glands release fluid?

A

After arousal and before semen release

73
Q

Can the fluid from the bulbourethral glands cause pregnancy?

A

Yes.

74
Q

What does the penis have to undergo to ejaculate?

A

Vasocongestion

75
Q

What does vasocongestion mean?

A

The blood vessels dilate and fill the chambers surrounding the urethra with blood to become and stay erect

76
Q

What causes vasocongestion?

A

Nitric Oxide

77
Q

What does Nitric Oxide (NO) do?

A

Dilates blood vessels and rapidly increases blood volume to fill chambers surrounding penis.

78
Q

How many chambers surround the male urethra?

A

3 chambers

79
Q

What prevents drainage of the venules?

A

Pressure of the filled chambers

80
Q

What are the three chambers/caverns?

A

Corpora Cavernosa (2 superior), Corpus spongiosum (1 inferior)

81
Q

What do the corpora cavernosa contain?

A

Arteries

82
Q

Which cavern is right around the urethra?

A

Corpus spongiosum

83
Q

What happens to the vein in the penis during erection?

A

It compresses so less blood can leave to maintain the erection.

84
Q

What happens to the chambers and blood vessels during an erection?

A

The chambers fill with blood and the arteries grow and dilate

85
Q

What is the purpose of an erection?

A

To get the semen as close to the cervix as possible so the sperm cells do not die in the acidic vaginal canal

86
Q

When does testosterone begin secretion?

A

7 weeks after conception

87
Q

What determines the difference between male and female sex?

A

The release of testosterone

88
Q

What happens if no testosterone is release by the 7th week of development?

A

The baby will be a female.

89
Q

Low levels of testosterone in a male lead to what?

A

Infertility

90
Q

What else does testosterone help with in the male reproductive system (4 answers)?

A

Muscle development, bone growth, secondary sex characteristics, limbido (sex drive)

91
Q

What secretes small amounts of testosterone?

A

The ovaries and adrenal glands

92
Q

Where does the testosterone come from in week 7 of development?

A

The adrenal glands

93
Q

What is testosterone controlled by?

A

The hypothalamus and pituitary gland

94
Q

What comes from the hypothalamus that stimulates the pituitary gland?

A

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

95
Q

What is released from the pituitary gland?

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulation hormone (FSH)

96
Q

What does Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulation hormone (FSH) both stimulate?

A

Testosterone and sperm production

97
Q

What does just follicle-stimulation hormone (FSH) stimulate?

A

Spermatogenesis and the release of inhibin

98
Q

What does inhibin do?

A

Tell the hypothalamus there is a high level of testosterone and sperm, stop production of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH), start producing Gonadotropin Inhibiting Hormone (GnIH)

99
Q

What does just Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulate?

A

The up-regulation of testosterone

Anatomy & Physiology II Final Exam (3 decks)

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