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Anatomy & Physiology II Final Exam > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is an Oocyte?

A

The female gamete

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2
Q

What are the ovaries?

A

The female gonads

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3
Q

What does the female reproductive system do?

A

Produce gametes and hormones, as well as, support and deliver developing fetus

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4
Q

What is the vulva?

A

The external reproductive structure of a female

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5
Q

What is the labia minora?

A

The outer protection for the female reproductive system

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6
Q

What does the labia minora protect?

A

The reproductive tract and the urethra

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7
Q

What is the Clitoris made of?

A

The same cells as the glans penis, with abundant nerve innervation

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8
Q

What is the vaginal canal for?

A

The exit for the baby and entrance for reproductive tract

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9
Q

What is the hymen?

A

A thin membrane that partially covers the vagina

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10
Q

What is the vagina?

A

A muscular canal

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11
Q

What happens to the vagina during childbirth and intercourse?

A

It expands

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12
Q

Why does the vagina have an acidic pH?

A

The vagina is a self cleaning organ

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13
Q

How are the female gonads structured?

A

They are paired and the size of an almond

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14
Q

What connects the ovaries to the uterus?

A

An ovarian ligament

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15
Q

What covers the ovaries

A

The tunica albuginea

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16
Q

What covers the tunica albuginea?

A

Superficial ovarian epithelium

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17
Q

Where do the oocytes develop?

A

In the outer layer of the ovarian cortex

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18
Q

What is a follicle?

A

Supporting cells surrounding the oocyte

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19
Q

What does the ovarian medulla contain?

A

Blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves of the ovary

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20
Q

How long is the ovarian cycle?

A

About 28 days

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21
Q

True or False: The ovarian cycle and the menstrual cycle are not the same thing.

A

True

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22
Q

When does the ovarian cycle happen?

A

During the reproductive years, after puberty and adolescence

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23
Q

What are the two interrelated processes of the ovarian cycle?

A

Oogenesis and folliculogenesis

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24
Q

What is folliculogenesis?

A

Growth and development of follicles

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25
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

The production of the female gamete

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26
Q

When does oogenesis start?

A

Before the female is born/while the female is a fetus

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27
Q

What are the three phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase

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28
Q

What is the follicular phase?

A

Where the follicles mature into tertiary follicles, secrete estrogen, and get ready to release an oocyte

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29
Q

When does the follicular phase happen?

A

About the first half of the 28 days in the ovarian cycle

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30
Q

What is ovulation?

A

The release of a mature oocyte

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31
Q

What is the luteal phase?

A

The dominant follicle becomes the corpus luteum and produces progesterone

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32
Q

What is menopause?

A

When there are no more oocytes, no more reproduction, and no more cycle

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33
Q

What is the oogonia?

A

The ovarian stem cell

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34
Q

How does the oogonia divide?

A

Mitosis

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35
Q

When is the oogonia formed?

A

During fetal development

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36
Q

When do the oocytes stop developing?

A

When they start puberty

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37
Q

How long do oocytes last?

A

Until menopause

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38
Q

How many oocytes are in an infant, puberty, and menopause?

A

1-2 million (infant), 400,000 (puberty), 0 (menopause)

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39
Q

Where does the oocyte come from during ovulation?

A

The ovary

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40
Q

What do oocytes divide into?

A

Unequally, 1 mature oocyte and 3 polar bodies that get rid of other genetic information and waste product

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41
Q

How does the oogonium divide?

A

Mitosis

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42
Q

How does the Primary oocyte divide and what does it divide into?

A

Meiosis I (stops in prophase I and resumes after puberty), makes the secondary oocyte and the first and second polar bodies

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43
Q

How does the secondary oocyte divide and what does it divide into?

A

Meiosis II, makes a mature ovum and the third polar body

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44
Q

When does the secondary oocyte divide?

A

Only if penetrated by sperm

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45
Q

What is inside of the primary oocyte?

A

Large amounts of cytoplasm with nutrients to last from fertilization until implantation

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46
Q

How long is folliculogenesis?

A

Every 28 days

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47
Q

What is atresia?

A

Death of ovarian follicles (only one follicle makes it)

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48
Q

What are primordial follicles?

A

The original follicles

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49
Q

What do primordial follicles do?

A

Respond to recruitment and become primary follicles

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50
Q

How do primary follicles become secondary follicles?

A

Increase in size by getting more cells

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51
Q

What do the secondary follicles become after increasing in size?

A

Tertiary Follicle

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52
Q

How many tertiary follicles make it out?

A

1

53
Q

What does the surviving tertiary follicle do?

A

Grow until ovulation and then expel the secondary oocyte from the ovary

54
Q

How long does going from primordial follicle to tertiary follicle take?

A

2 months

55
Q

What regulates the development of the follicle?

A

GnRH, LH, and FSH

56
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Stimulate follicle growth

57
Q

What does LH do?

A

Stimulate follicle cells to produce estradiol

58
Q

What is estradiol?

A

A type of estrogen

59
Q

What does estradiol do?

A

It is going to be produced enough to turn off the estrogen in the body, killing off the rest of the secondary follicles

60
Q

A larger follicle produces more ________?

A

Estrogen

61
Q

What does the production of estrogen do?

A

Reduce the production of GnRH, FSH, and LH

62
Q

What does a decline in FSH cause?

A

The death of most follicles

63
Q

What makes the dominant follicle dominant?

A

Size, number of cells, number of FSH receptors, higher estrogen production

64
Q

What does the high amounts of estrogen do?

A

Turn the negative feedback loop into a positive feedback loop and secretes LH and FSH

65
Q

What does the positive feedback loop do?

A

Surges LH which allows us to have ovulation

66
Q

How do the follicles release the oocyte?

A

By using enzyme breakdown proteins in the ovary wall

67
Q

What happens to the follicle after releasing the oocyte?

A

It collapses on the ovary and becomes the corpus luteum

68
Q

What does the corpus luteum do?

A

Produces large amounts of progesterone

69
Q

What do high levels of progesterone do?

A

Re-establish the negative feedback loop that is run by the hypothalamus and stop the production of LH

70
Q

When must implantation happen in the luteal phase?

A

Within 10-12 days

71
Q

What happens if implantation doesn’t happen?

A

The corpus luteum degrades into the lupus albicans and reproduction cannot happen

72
Q

What are the uterine tubes?

A

A path from the ovaries to the uterus

73
Q

True or false: The uterine tubes are not connected to the ovary.

A

True

74
Q

How does the oocyte move down the uterine tubes?

A

Peristalsis

75
Q

How does the oocyte get to the ovaries?

A

Carried by a current and are propelled by cilia

76
Q

Cilia beat ________ with _______ estrogen concentration.

A

Stronger with greater

77
Q

What are the three areas of the uterine tube?

A

Isthmus, Infundibulum, and ampulla

78
Q

What is the isthmus?

A

A narrow end of the uterine tubes that connects to the uterus

79
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

The beginning of the uterine tube with a wide, distal end and fimbre to help with the current.

80
Q

What is the ampulla?

A

The middle section where fertilization happens

81
Q

What is the uterus?

A

A muscular organ that nourishes a growing embryo and is made to stretch during pregnancy

82
Q

What are the sections of the uterus

A

Fundus (superior), Body (middle), Cervix (inferior)

83
Q

What does the cervix do?

A

It projects into the vaginal canal and secretes mucus that assists sperm movement by de-coagulating

84
Q

What are the layers of the ligaments that hold the uterus in place??

A

Perimetrium (deepest), myometrium (muscular), and endometrium (superficial)

85
Q

What is the most superficial layer of the uterus?

A

The stratum functionalis

86
Q

What does the stratum functionalis do?

A

It is the layer of the endometrium that sheds during menstruation

87
Q

What keeps the stratum functionalis healthy for implantation?

A

The corpus luteum

88
Q

What happens to the stratum functionalis without progesterone?

A

The lack of implantation causes blood vessels to constrict and rupture so O2 can’t reach the endometrial tissue

89
Q

What is menses?

A

The shedding of dead endometrial tissues and blood

90
Q

What is menarche?

A

The first menses after puberty

91
Q

What happens in the menstrual cycle?

A

The uterine lining sheds, rebuilds and prepares for implantation

92
Q

When does the menstrual cycle start?

A

First day of menses

93
Q

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

Menses Phase, proliferated phase, secretory phase

94
Q

What happens in the menses phase and how long is it?

A

The lining is shed, hormone levels are low; lasts about 5 days

95
Q

What happens in the proliferative phase?

A

the endometrium rebuilds and the hormone levels rise

96
Q

What happens in the secretory phase?

A

The progesterone from the corpus luteum starts the phase and gets the body ready for implantation

97
Q

What happens if the hormones fall in the secretory phase?

A

Menses starts

98
Q

What are the female reproduction systems accessory organs?

A

The breasts

99
Q

What do the breasts do?

A

Supply milk to the infant and cause lactation

100
Q

What produces milk?

A

Mammary glands

101
Q

Where does the milk from the breasts exit?

A

The nipple

102
Q

What do the areolar glands do?

A

Surround the nipple and secrete lubricating fluid to prevent chaffing

103
Q

What are breasts supported by?

A

Suspensory ligaments

104
Q

What leads to swelling and tenderness of the breasts?

A

Changes in hormones

105
Q

During pregnancy, mammary tissue ________ and breasts ________

A

Develops and enlarge

106
Q

What does hormonal birth control do?

A

Manipulate the negative feedback system

107
Q

How does birth control manipulate the negative feedback system?

A

By providing constant hormones that prevent FSH and LH production

108
Q

What happens to the uterus due to birth control?

A

The endometrial wall will not get as thick

109
Q

True or false: New birth control pills may result in no menses.

A

True

110
Q

What happens if you miss a day or two of birth control?

A

Your body will have too much hormone production and can lead to ovulation

111
Q

Without chemical prompting of testosterone, what are all oocytes?

A

Female eggs

112
Q

What is the SRY gene?

A

The 23rd/sex chromosome

113
Q

The chromosome for female is __ and for males is __

A

XX and XY

114
Q

What is a bipotential cell?

A

A cell that can be either male or female depending on the secretion of testosterone

115
Q

What does the mullerian duct do?

A

Form the uterus, uterine tubes, and part of the vagina

116
Q

What does the wolffian duct do?

A

Forms the epididymis, ductus deferens, and seminal vesicles

117
Q

What is puberty?

A

The stage of sexual maturity

118
Q

What happens to hormones during puberty and where do they come from?

A

There is an increase in hormone release from the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and gonads

119
Q

When does LH production increase?

A

Around ages 8 and 9, years before physical change

120
Q

What kind of hormones are your sex hormones?

A

Steroid hormones that are lipid soluble and come from fat.

121
Q

The amount of ____ ___ is correlated with the age of puberty

A

Body fat

122
Q

The hypothalamus ____ _________ and the gonads __ __________ during puberty.

A

Down regulates and upregulates

123
Q

What are the signs of puberty in the male?

A

Increased larynx size, deeper voice, increased muscular development, hair growth

124
Q

What are the signs of puberty in the female?

A

Fat deposited to breasts and hips, breast development, pelvis broadens, hair growth

125
Q

When is the male growth spurt?

A

Typically around ages 11-13

126
Q

How much can males grow during puberty?

A

About 4 inches per year and may continue on until early 20’s

127
Q

When is the female growth spurt?

A

Around ages 9-11

128
Q

How much can females grow during puberty?

A

About 3 inches per year for 2 or more years

Anatomy & Physiology II Final Exam (3 decks)

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