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Y2 RNU block > Male Reproductive Endocrinology > Flashcards

Male Reproductive Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 functions of the testes

A

Secrete testosterone

Produce sperm by the process of spermatogenesis

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2
Q

what are the cell types in the testes

A

2 compartments – tubules and interstitium

  • Tubules- There are germ and sertoli cells
  • Interstitium- Leydig cells which are also called the the interstitium cells of Leydig
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3
Q

What is the residual body and what phagocytoses it

A

excess cytoplasm after spermiogenesis and Sertoli cells phagocytose this

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4
Q

what is a spermatozoa

A

Haploid (n)
Joins with oocyte (n) to give a full chromosome complement
Essentially a nucleus with a tail

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5
Q

Describe the structure of a spermatozoa

A

1) Head – nucleus with compacted DNA
Surrounded by acrosome – contains enzymes for fertilisation
2) Midpiece – central filamentous core with mitochrondria
3) Tail – flagellum to propel sperm

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6
Q

What is the difference between spermatid and sperm staining

A

Spermatid DNA is bigger than sperm so their staining is more rounder rather than elongated.
Sperm appears more elongated

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7
Q

What is the difference between spematogonoia and spermatocytes staining

A

Spermatogonia are smaller than spermatocytes- little pink circles
Spermacotytes- bigger pink circles
They will both be away from the lumen (near the outer edge)

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8
Q

Which cells are near the lumen (centre of cell stained)

A

Mature cells only

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9
Q

What shape does the sertoli cell nuclei look like

A

Triangular

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10
Q

What are the somatic cells of the testes

A

Sertoli cells

Leydig cells

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11
Q

What are sertoli cells derived from

A

derived from the sex cords of the developing testis

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12
Q

What are sertoli cells

A

Tall, simple columnar cells that span from the basement membrane to the lumen of the tubule

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13
Q

What are sertoli cells functions regarding germ cells and phagocytoses

A
  • Surround germ cells forming pockets around them- providing nutrients
    Also provide structural support- pushing germ cells to lumen
  • Phagocytose excess spermatid cytoplasm.
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14
Q

How are sertoli cells connected to each other and what two compartments do they form by doing so

A

Connected to each other by tight junctions that seal the tubule into two compartments:

  • the basal (close to the basal lamina)
  • adluminal (towards the lumen) compartment.
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15
Q

Large molecules cannot pass between the basal and adluminal compartment. What is this known as and what does it protect

A

this is called theblood-testis barrier. (protects newly formed gametes)

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16
Q

What are leydig cells also known as and what is their structure like?

A

interstitial cells

They have a pale cytoplasm because they contain many cholesterol-lipid droplets.

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17
Q

What is the function of the leydig cells

A

Make and secretetestosterone, in response to LH hormone from the pituitary gland.

18
Q

What cell produces the anti-mullerian hormone

A

sertoli cells

19
Q

How are androgen binding protein secreted?

A

FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells in the testis to secrete androgen-binding protein into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules. Binding of testosterone in the lumen provides a local testosterone supply for the developing spermatogonia.

20
Q

What are peritubular myoid cells?

A

They surround the basement membrane and are which are squamous contractile cells:

  • Play a crucial role in the self-renewal and maintenance of the spermatogonial stem cell population (keep spermatogonia population alive and nourished)
  • Important in signalling to the Sertoli cells
21
Q

What are endocrine disruptors

A

Exogenous substances that disrupt normal endocrine function

- Increase or decrease the substance/ function

22
Q

What do endocrine disruptors have an impact on

A

Impacts the endocrine organ and then can act on other tissues
Can affect hormones or hormone receptors

23
Q

Endocrine disruptors can be ______ or ______

A

natural

man made

24
Q

Endocrine disruptors affect _______ and ________

A

human

Wild life

25
Q

Give example of an endocrine disruptor (NATURAL HORMONES)

A

They are released into the environment

e.g. sewage slurry spread onto fields where animals headed for the food chain graze

26
Q

Give example of an endocrine disruptor (NATURAL CHEMICALS PRODUCED BY PLANTS/ FUNGI)

A

Phytoestrogens –e.g Genistein

27
Q

what are the types of natural endocrine disruptors

A

Natural hormones

Natural chemicals produced by plants/fungi

28
Q

what are the types of manmade endocrine disruptors

A

Synthetically produced pharmaceuticals

Man made chemicals

29
Q

Give example of an endocrine disruptor (SYNTHETICALLY PRODUCED PHARMACEUTICALS)

A

Contraceptive pill/ treatments for hormone responsive cancers

30
Q

Give example of an endocrine disruptor (MAN-MADE CHEMICALS)

A

Some pesticides e.g. DDT

Chemicals e.g. plastic additives

31
Q

How do endocrine disruptors work?

A

1) Mimic hormone biological activity by binding to a receptor and activating it (agonistic)
- Too much hormone activity
- Activity at an inappropriate time

2) Binds to receptor, preventing binding of natural hormone (antagonistic)
- Prevents normal hormone action

3) Interferes with metabolic processes in the body
- Affects synthesis or breakdown of natural hormones

32
Q

What kind of reproductive problems do endocrine disruptors cause

A

Reduced fertility, menstrual problems, early puberty, brain / behaviour problems, cancers

33
Q

What are Phthalates

A

Man made chemicals that soften PVC plastics

PVC plastics in Dialysis tubing, building materials, cosmetics, coatings of tablets, insect repellents, car parts

34
Q

What effect do Phthalates have on human development

A

May pose a risk to male infants (Increased testosterone production so penis size is affected)
Based on research in animal (mainly rat) models

35
Q

What is Testicular dysgenesis syndrome

A

When rats were exposed to Phthalate:

  • They had a major reduction in testosterone production by Leydig cells
  • Abnormal testis development
  • Decreased germ cell numbers and delayed differentiation
36
Q

What effect does Testicular dysgenesis syndrome has post-natally

A

Cryptorchidism
Hypospadias
Infertility

37
Q

what are anabolic steroids

A

Synthetic androgens

–> Improve athletic performance

38
Q

How do anabolic steroids affect the reproductive system

A

if taken in large amounts:

  • Affects negative feedback
  • Testis atrophy
  • Liver and kidney damage
39
Q

What is Diethylstilbestrol (DES)

A

synthetic oestrogen

40
Q

Why is DES prescribed to women

A

Prevent miscarriage and promote fetal growth

41
Q

What were the negative affects of DES which lead to its banning in the 1970s

A
  • Affected fetal development and caused vaginal cancer

- Not noticed until the exposed offspring were of pubertal age

Y2 RNU block (12 decks)

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