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Y2 RNU block > Anatomy of the Reproductive System > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Ovaries are _______ ________ of the female reproductive system

A

Paired

Gonads

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2
Q

What makes up the duct system of the female reproductive tract

A

paired uterine tubes
single midline uterus
single midline vagina

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3
Q

where is the female reproductive tract located

A

Located in the pelvis

- vagina extends through the pelvic floor

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4
Q

What are the functions of the ovaries

A

Exocrine- to produce oocytes

Endocrine- to produce oestrogen and progesterone in response to pituitary gonadotrophins (LH and FSH)

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5
Q

Why are ovaries’ surface scarred and pitted

A

due to multiple ovulations

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6
Q

Where are ovaries located

A

Variable in position, especially after childbirth

BUT Near lateral wall of pelvic cavity

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7
Q

what artery supplies the ovaries

A

Ovarian artery (paired)- arises from aorta at level of renal artery

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8
Q

What is the venous drainage of the ovaries

A

Ovarian Vein (paired)- drains to IVC on right, on left to left renal vein then to IVC

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9
Q

describe the lymphatic drainage of the ovaries

A

drains to aortic nodes at level of renal vessels

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10
Q

Name the 2 ligaments that support the ovaries

A
  • Suspensory ligament of ovary

- Ovarian Ligament

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11
Q

what is the function of the suspensory ligament of ovary

A

carries ovarian artery+vein

attaches ovary to lateral wall of the pelvis

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12
Q

what is the function of the ovarian ligament

A

fibrous cord

links ovary to uterus

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13
Q

where does the uterus lie

A

lies in midline

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14
Q

Uterus is a secondary sex organ. what does that mean

A

Means it matures during puberty under the influence of sex hormones.

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15
Q

Uterus is a ______ walled, muscular organ, capable of ________

A

Thick

Expansion

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16
Q

Describe the parts of the uterus

A

Fundus (top)- entry point of the uterine tubes
Body- site of implantation of the blastocyst
Isthmus- narrowing between body and cervix
Cervix- links uterus to vagina

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17
Q

What does the cervix have

A

internal os and external os (os means opening)

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18
Q

The uterus is known as being ‘anteflexed’ and ‘anteverted’ in 80% of females. what does that mean

A

Anteflexed- Body of uterus is bent forwards on the cervix

Anteverted- Whole uterus is bent forward at a right angle to the vagina

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19
Q

20% females dont have anteflexed and anteverted uterus. what are their uterus like

A

Retroflexed

Retroverted

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20
Q

Explain the histological layers of the uterus

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium (stratum basale and stratum functionalis)

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21
Q

Which layer of the endometrium sheds during menstruation

A

stratum functionalis

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22
Q

What is the function of the broad ligament

A

Attaches sides of uterus to pelvis

peritoneal sheet draped over uterus and uterine tubes

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23
Q

What is the function of the round ligament

A

maintains the anteverted position of the uterus. Extends from uterine horns to labia majora

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24
Q

what is the function of the cardinal ligament

A

extends from cervix to lateral pelvic walls and supports the uterus

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25
Q

what is the function of the uterosacral ligament

A

extends from cervix to sacrum and supports the uterus

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26
Q

what artery supplies the uterus

A

uterine artery- branch of internal iliac artery

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27
Q

what vein drains from the uterus

A

uterine vein- drains to internal iliac vein

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28
Q

describe the lymphatic drainage of the uterus

A

Lymphatics–drainage of body and cervix differ

- body to para-aortic nodes
- cervix to internal iliac nodes
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29
Q

list the peritoneal reflections/ pouches found in the female reproductive tract

A

Rectouterine (rectum and uterus)

Uterovesical (bladder and uterus)

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30
Q

why were pouches more relevant in the olden days

A

women would get infection and this would get out into the pouches. (not as relevant now due to antibiotics)

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31
Q

what are the functions of the uterine tubes

A

transport of ovum from ovary to uterus

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32
Q

uterine tube inner mucosa is lined with _________ _________ epithelial cells and ___ cells

A

ciliated
columnar
peg

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33
Q

What are peg cells and what are their functions

A

non-ciliated secretory cells

they waft the ovum towards the uterus and supplies it with nutrients

34
Q

How does the smooth muscle of the uterine tubes help i in fertilisation

A

smooth muscle layer contracts to assist with transportation of the ovum and sperm

35
Q

Describe the parts of the uterine tube

A

Fimbriae- ciliated projections that capture ovum from the ovary surface
Infundibulum- funnel-shaped opening to peritoneal cavity,
Ampulla- widest section and fertilisation occurs here
Isthmus- short narrowed section connected to uterine wall

36
Q

What is the blood supply and venous drainage of the uterine tubes

A

uterine and ovarian arteries

uterine and ovarian veins

37
Q

Describe lymphatic drainage of the uterine tubes

A

Iliac, sacral and aortic lymph nodes

38
Q

describe the function of the pubocervical ligament

A

bilateral structures which attach the cervix to the pubic symphysis

39
Q

What’s bicornuate uterus

A

Problem during development- failure of fusion of uterus- results in two uterine horns
‘heart shaped uterus’
Can be tricky to get pregnant

40
Q

“There is no direct continuity of gonad and duct system in the females as there is in males”

why is this a problem

A

female duct system opens to the peritoneal cavity
CONSEQUENCES:
risk of infection spreading in and up from exterior
female gamete is shed to peritoneal cavity

41
Q

where are the testes located

A

within the scrotum

42
Q

how are the testes suspended from the abdomen

A

by the spermatic cord which holds arteries, veins, lymphatics and vas deferens

43
Q

describe the function of the testes

A

exocrine and endocrine glands

exocrine- produce spermatogonia, endocrine produces hormones like testosterone

44
Q

what are the accessory glands of the male reproductive system

A

One PROSTATE GLAND
Two SEMINAL VESICLES
Two BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS

45
Q

what is the prostatic utricle

A

outpouching and is remnant of the uterus in the males

46
Q

why does the scrotum hang outside

A

Scrotum hangs outside for temperature control because body temperature is harmful for sperm and scrotum staying outside allows normal spermatogenesis

47
Q

Describe the testes duct system in males

A

closely associated with urinary system

  • Seminiferous tubules- sperm production occurs.
  • Ends of coiled seminiferous tubules make up the straight tubules
  • Straight tubules join to form the RETE TESTES
  • Efferent ductules- carry sperm from rete testes to epidydimis
  • tail of epididymis is connected to the vas deferens
48
Q

List the layers of the scrotum

A 
Skin
Dartos muscle- smooth muscle and gives testes its crinkly appearance
External spermatic fascia
Cremasteric fascia
Internal spermatic fascia
49
Q

what is significant about the fascia layers of the scrotum

A

External spermatic fascia
Cremasteric fascia
Internal spermatic fascia

these layers may be fused and hard to distinguish
*they are derived from layers of the abdominal wall

50
Q

Cremaster muscle of the TESTES is _______ muscle. Runs ____ to dermis. Runs in ________ cord.

A

skeletal
deep
spermatic

51
Q

What is the cremaster relfex

A

contracts to raise testis in cold weather

52
Q

what testicular layers covers the testes before it is covered by the layers of the scrotum

A

Tunica Vaginalis (parietal and visceral layer)

53
Q

Whats hydrocele and how is it treated

A

Excess fluid in the tunica vaginalis

Easily treated by draining the fluid

54
Q

what is the function of the tunica vaginalis

A

contains vicous fluid that allows friction free movement of the testes

55
Q

what is the tunica albuginea

A

fibrous capsule that encloses the testes and lies medially to the tunica vaginalis (internal layer)

56
Q

why does sperm production occur in the seminiferous tubules

A

Because they are lined with sertoli cells

57
Q

what is the function of the epidydimis

A

storage and maturation of sperm

58
Q

describe the histology of the epidydimis and how it helps in sperm journey

A

lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia (long microvilli)

  • Stereocilia increase the area for absorption from fluid
  • Can monitor and adjust the fluid composition- makes sure fluid is optimum for sperm to survive (so either adds or absorbs fluid)
59
Q

what is the epidydimis continuous with

A

the vas deferens

60
Q

what parts does the epidydimis have

A

head
body
tail

61
Q

what artery supplies the testes

A

testicular artery

62
Q

what is the venous drainage of the testes and explain one of their COOL functions (LOL)

A

Pampiniform plexus →testicular vein →IVC on right, renal vein on left (part of the cooling system of testes-cools arterial blood through counter current cooling mechanism)

63
Q

describe lymphatic drainage of the testes

A

Different lymphatic drainage of testis and scrotum:

- testis to para-aortic nodes
- scrotum to inguinal nodes
64
Q

describe the histology of the vas deferens

A

thick walled with a small lumen

65
Q

How does smooth muscle in the wall of the vas deferens help it

A

smooth muscle in the wall contracts by peristalsis at emission- helps ejaculate sperm at high velocity

66
Q

where does the vas deferens run through

A

runs in spermatic cord, through inguinal canal

67
Q

where does vas deferens lie

A

lies on side wall of pelvis, turns medially to base of bladder

68
Q

vas deferens enlarges at the end. what is this area called

A

ampulla region

69
Q

how does the seminal vesicle develop

A

Develops as an out-pouching of the ductus deferens

70
Q

seminal vesicles are ______ tubes

A

Coiled

71
Q

what is the function of the seminal vesicle (2 vesicles)

A

Secretes an alkaline viscous fluid which helps to neutralise the acid in the female tract, allowing the semen to travel to the egg.

72
Q

What other substances does the fluid that seminal vesicles secrete contains?

A
  • Fructose- used for ATP production by sperm
  • Prostaglandins which aid sperm mobility and viability and may also stimulate muscle contraction in the female tract. (contractions help sperm to be pushed towards the egg). Also suppresses female immune system to accept sperm
  • Clotting Factors- Helps keep semen in the female reproductive tract post-ejaculation
73
Q

what percentage does the fluid that seminal vesicles secrete make up the total ejaculation

A

60%

74
Q

Explain the location of the prostate gland

A

surrounds the beginning of the urethra

75
Q

what is the function of the prostate gland (1 gland)

A

secretes a slightly acidic fluid containing citrate (used by sperm for ATP production), acid phosphatase and proteolytic enzymes (fibrinolysin) which liquefy coagulated semen
passes its secretion to the urethra via many prostatic ducts

76
Q

what percentage does the fluid that prostate gland secrete make up the total ejaculation

A

30%

77
Q

what is the location of the bulbourethral glands (2 glands)

A

Sits under the prostate

Ducts open to spongy urethra

78
Q

what is the function of the bulbourethral glands

A

produce a mucous like secretion which is added to ejaculation and neutralises the acidity of the urethra in preparation for the passage of sperm.
- also provides lubrication

79
Q

what percentage does the fluid that Bulbourethral gland secrete make up the total ejaculation

A

5%

80
Q

How do the ejaculatory ducts form

A

Duct of the seminal vesicle joins with the vas deferens on each side to form the ejaculatory duct

81
Q

Where does the ejaculatory duct sit and what does it empty into

A

Sits on top of prostate gland

empties into the urethra which runs through the penis

82
Q

What layers cover the spermatic cord

A

External spermatic fascia
cremasteric muscle and fascia
Internal spermatic fascia

NOT dartos muscle

Y2 RNU block (12 decks)

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