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Unit 7: Physiology > Male Reproductive Endocrinology (2) > Flashcards

Male Reproductive Endocrinology (2) Flashcards

0
Q

What makes someone a gonadal male?

A

SRY gene encodes testis determining factor

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1
Q

What makes someone genotypically a male?

A

Y chromosome

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2
Q

What is TDF?

A

A transcription factor

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3
Q

What makes someone phenotypically male?

A

Hormones produced by the gonads determine the phenotypic sex

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4
Q

When can an XX male occur?

A

In rare cases when the SRY gene translocates to the X chromosome during male meiosis

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5
Q

What determines the fate of primordial gonads?

A

Te genotype of the germ cells that the primordial gonads contain

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6
Q

In males, what do mesonephors develop into?

A

Epididymis

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7
Q

What is an indifferent gonad closely associated with?

A

Mesonephros and wolffian duct

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8
Q

What do leydig cells promote?

A

Androgens

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9
Q

What do androgens help promote development of?

A
  1. Wollfian ducts and derived internal genitalia —> requires testosterone
  2. Prostate development —> requires DHT
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10
Q

What type of external generalist develop in the absence of testosterone?

A

Female

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11
Q

Is testosterone or DHT responsible for the development of mLe external genitalia?

A

Testosterone is converted to DHT….this then stimulates differentiation into male external genitalia

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12
Q

Hat type of receptor does GnRH bind? What are its actions?

A

G protein coupled gonadotropin receptor and it then activates PLC to increase Ca++, DAG production and PKC activation

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13
Q

Describe GnRH release and LH/ FSH release?

A

Pulsation

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14
Q

What do constant levels of GnRH lead to? What are the clinical applications of this?

A

Inability to release LH and FSH…this is a treatment for prostate cancer in an effort to lower testosterone production.

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15
Q

In the prenatal stage, what is the source of sex-steroid production in the testes?

A

Leydig cells….which increase in number in a manner dependent on maternal chorionic gonadotropin or embryonic leutenizing hormone.

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16
Q

Prior to puberty, describe GnRH/ LH/ FSH pulses and levels and describe the axis sensitivity to negative feedback?

A
  • Few GnRH pulses
  • Low LH and FSH levels
  • The axis is VERY sensitive to negative feedback inhibition by androgens
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17
Q

During puberty, describe GnRH/ LH/ FSH pulses and levels and describe the axis sensitivity to negative feedback?

A

Frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses increase

LH and FSH production increase

Sensitivity to negative feedback of testosterone decreases

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18
Q

What type of cells does FSH stimulate?

A

Sertoli

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19
Q

What type of cells does LH stimulate?

A

Leydig cells

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20
Q

Which cells produce inhibit and where does inhibit act?

A

Sertoli cells produce inhibit which feeds back to the anterior pituitary to decrease release of FSH

21
Q

How does testosterone effect sertolic cells?

A

Activate Sertoli cells

22
Q

When LH stimulates it’s target cell, what are the transcriptional changes made?

A

Increased transcription of:

  • enzymes involved in testosterone synthesis
  • enzyme for RLS of steroid hormone synthesis
  • sterol carrier protein and sterol activating protein
23
Q

When FSH stimulates it’s target cell, what are the transcriptional changes made?

A

Increased transcription of:

  • androgen binding protein
  • aromatase enzyme
  • growth factors (to support production of sperm)
  • inhibits
24
Q

True or false: inhibits suppress leydig cell proliferation

A

True

25
Q

What do leydig cells produce that inhibits Sertoli cells?

A

Beta- endorphin

26
Q

What do Sertoli cells produce that can stimulate leydig cells?

A

Estrogen

27
Q

What is lacking in Kallmann syndrome?

A

Lack of pituitary hormones LH and FSH because lack GnRH

28
Q

What is the explanation for why people with Kallmanns syndrome can’t smell?

A

The olfactory receptors and the GnRH secreting cells both develop in the olfactory epithelium and then the GnRH secreting cells migrate into the brain

29
Q

Name the enzyme and where it is found:

Cholesterone ————–> Pregnenolone

A

Desmolase

Leydig cells

30
Q

Where is aromatase found? What does it do?

A

Sertoli cells

Testosterone/ androstedione ——–> estradiol/ estrone

31
Q

Name the enzyme:

Testosterone ——-> DHT

A

5- alpha- reducatse

32
Q

Name two causes of male psuedohermaphroditism:

A

5alpha reducatse deficiency and androgen insensitivity syndrome

33
Q

What are some anabolic effects of androgens?

A

Promote protein synthesis, growth in muscle and strength, increased bone density/ strength/ linear growth

34
Q

Are FSH levels higher in females?

A

No, they are 8x higher in males

35
Q

Which androgen is responsible for the following:

Sebum formation, beard growth, prostate development, external genitalia, sperm production, sex drive/ behavior, feedback inhibition to hypothalamus

A

DHT

36
Q

Which androgen is responsible for:

Increased RBC, increased muscle mass, increased upper body fat, increased VLDL, increased LDL, decreased HDL, sperm production

A

Testosterone

37
Q

Which androgen is responsible for the following:

Sperm production, skeleton maturation, sexual behavior

A

Estradiol

38
Q

Describe the changes in male senescence:

A

NO abrupt loss of fertility

Testosterone decreases starting at age 30

Quantity/ quality of sperm decreases

FSH/ LH levels increase

39
Q

What is used to treat male pattern baldness?

A

Finasteride, which blocks the production of DHT

40
Q

What are the effects of anabolic steroid use:

A

Reduction in sperm count, shrunken testicles

Damage to heart, liver, kidneys, psych problems

Breast enlargement

41
Q

What is defective in spinobulbsr muscular atrophy?

A

LMN disease caused by mutation in the androgen receptor because of a CAG repeat which leads to a polyglots mine expansion

42
Q

What initiates spermatogenesis?

A

Initiated at puberty through the action of FSH and LH

43
Q

Percentage of sperm in semen?

A

10%

44
Q

After spermiation, where do spermatids move?

A

They move passively into rete testes and epididymis

45
Q

What is maturation is sperm dependent on?

A

Testosterone

46
Q

The flaccid penis is under SNS or PNS control?

A

SNS

47
Q

Is the SNS or PNS responsible for erection?

A

PNS

48
Q

What is the action of Viagra?

A

Inhibits a decrease in CAMP, keeping the levels high, by inhibiting cAMP specific phosphodiesterase

49
Q

What NTs are involved in erection?

A

NO and ACh

50
Q

Does SNS or PNs control emission?

A

SNS

Unit 7: Physiology (19 decks)

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