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Physiology II Exam 3 (Lauren) > Male Reproduction > Flashcards

Male Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Reproduction requires fusion of ________ from a man and a woman

A

Gametes

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2
Q

gametes are produced in (primary/secondary) sex organs

A

Primary

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3
Q

What are the male accessory structurs?

A

Penis

Scrotum

Vas deferens

Epididymis

Accessory glands

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4
Q

What are the male secondary sexual characteristics?

A

Facial/body hair

Larger muscle mass

Masculine jaw

Height

(Ornamental things that kind of just demonstrate the “fitness” of a person)

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5
Q

What are the 2 kinds of cells in the seminiferous tubules?

A

Germ cells (spermatogonia)

Sertoli cells

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6
Q

Where does spermatogenesis happen?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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7
Q

What kind of cells are in the connective tissue of the testes?

A

Leydig cells

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8
Q

The testes are 80%_______ and 20%___________, by weight

A

80% seminiferous tubules

20% connective tissue

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9
Q

What do germ cells do?

A

They are sperm precursors

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10
Q

What do Sertoli cells do?

A

They are “support cells” to developing sperm. Make:

Antimullerian hormone

Androgen binding protein

Inhibin

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11
Q

What do Leydig cells (in the connective tissue) do?

A

Secrete testosterone

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12
Q

What hormone mediates spermatogenesis

A

Testosterone

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13
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take

A

~74 days

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14
Q

spermatogonia are (diploid/haploid)

Spermatozoa aka sperm are (diploid/haploid)

A

Diploid

Haploid

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15
Q

What are the 3 stages of spermatogenesis?

A
  1. Mitosis (proliferation)
  2. Meiosis (2 divisions)
  3. Spermiogenesis (packaging)
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16
Q

What happens during mitosis?

A

Each germ cell divides twice to create 4 diploid primary spermatocytes (DOUBLE stranded DNA)

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17
Q

What happens during meiosis?

A

Undifferentiated diploid germ cells are converted into haploid spermatocytes (2 division to create 16 spermatids with SINGLE strands of one chromosome)

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18
Q

Each spermatogonia can turn into _____ sperm

A

16

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19
Q

At what age do spermatogonia undergo mitotic divisions

A

Puberty

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20
Q

After a spermatogonia enters its first meiotic division, what is it called?

A

Primary spermatocyte.

-> becomes 2 secondary spermatocytes -> each one enters second meiosis-> 2 spermatids

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21
Q

Do the spermatids completely separate from each other?

A

No, the 4 spermatids that came from a single primary speratocyte stay stuck together in a syncytium until its time to completely mature

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22
Q

What is the purpose of the syncitium?

A

Ensures that the haploid cells that contains either an X or Y chromosome have access to all the gene products available in a complete diploid genome**

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23
Q

What protects the developing, genetically-variant sperm from the man’s immune system?

A

Tight junctions between the Sertoli cells. The “blood-testes” barrier.

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24
Q

Does every spermatogonia enter meiosis 1?

A

No, some stay and maintain the germ line

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25
Q

What holds the spermatids together in the syncititum?

A

Cytoplasmic bridges join them together.

Allows XY sperm to transport necessary gene products to XX sperm…allows full access to the complete gene product

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26
Q

How do the developing sperm get nutrients?

A

Gap junctions between the spermatocytes and Sertoli cells.

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27
Q

What are the duties of Sertoli cells

A
  1. Protect sperm and provide nourishment
  2. Absorb excess cytoplasm and waste from delveoping sperm
  3. Secrete seminiferous tubule fluid
  4. Produce androgen binding protein
  5. Secrete anti-mullerian factor during development
  6. Release inhibin
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28
Q

What is the purpose of seminiferous tubule fluid?

A

Flushes sperm to epididymis

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29
Q

Is there more testosterone in the lumen of seminiferous tubules or in the blood?

A

100x more testosterone in the lumen primarily due to the ABP produced by Sertoli cells, that sequesters Testosterone.

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30
Q

Where does inhibin come from

A

Sertoli cells

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31
Q

What causes the Sertoli cells to release inhibin

A

T and FSH

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32
Q

What does anti-mullerian factor do?

A

Suppresses the development of the female reproductive tract

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33
Q

What is this:

“Process by which spermatids mature into spermatozoa”

A

Spermiogenesis

(Turning it from a round little cell into the little swimmers we all know and hate)

<>~~~~

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34
Q

What happens to the head of the sperm during spermiogenesis

A

It elongates and most of the cytoplasm is lost

Nucleus remodels: chromatin condenses

Lysosomes aggregate to from the acrosome (pack of digestive enzymes)

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35
Q

What is in the mid piece of the sperm

A

A bunch of mitochondria

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36
Q

What is in the tail of the sperm

A

Microtubules that move

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37
Q

What is this:

“Process by which mature sperm are extruded from Sertoli cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules”

A

Spermiation

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38
Q

What propels the mature sperm from the seminiferous tubules into the Rete testes and epipdidymis

A

Contraction of myoepithelial muscles and pressure of fluid from the Sertoli cells
(THEY DON’T SWIM)

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39
Q

What happens in the epididymis?

A

Sperm storage area where they mature even more

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40
Q

Can sperm swim when they’re in the epididymis

A

NO

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41
Q

Is the rate of sperm production influenced by hormones?

A

No it is CONSTANT

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42
Q

What allows the continuous production of sperm along the length of the seminiferous tubule?

A

“Spermatogenic Wave”

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43
Q

What is the spermatogenic wave?

A

Its due to different waves of spermatogensis occurring simultaneously along the length of the tubule. I.e., you wouldn’t find all sperm in all stages of development in a single cross section, they would all be in about the same stage

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44
Q

Spermatogenesis requires temperatures (warmer/cooler) than body temp

A

Cooler. 1-2 degrees cooler

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45
Q

Why do developing sperm need to be kept cooler?

A

Prevents lysosomal destruction

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46
Q

What are the 3 ways that sperm are kept cooler

A

Air around scrotum

Contraction/relaxation of rugae muscles

Venous blood flow (countercurrent heat exchange)

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47
Q

What is the most widespread environmental factor that produces low sperm counts

A

Interference with the ability of scrotum to cool the testes: tight clothing, sitting too long, hot tubs

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48
Q

If you have cryptorchidism, can you produce viable sperm?

A

No. (I think because its too warm?)

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49
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Sensitizes Sertoli cells to testosterone

Promotes Inhibin and ABP secretion from Sertoli cells

50
Q

Which cells in the testes are targeted by FSH

A

Sertoli cells

51
Q

What does luteinizing hormone LH do?

A

Stimulates cholesterol desmolase within Leydig cells to produce testosterone ** (Rate limiting step)

52
Q

What cells in the testes are targeted by LH

/

A

Leydig cells

53
Q

How do inhibin and testosterone regulate the release of FSH and LH

A

Inhibin: only FSH (selective inhibition)

Testosterone: LH and FSH (negative feedback)
***

54
Q

What are the effects of testosterone? (There are a lot just read this card)

A
  1. Embryonic/fetal development- masculinize reproductive tract and external genitals. Promote descent of tests into scrotium
  2. Sex-specific tissue after birth- maturation of reproductive system at puberty. Spermatogenesis. Maintain reproductive tract throughout life
  3. Reproduction-increase sex drive. Control secretion of gonadotropins (LH and FSH)
  4. Secondary sex characteristics- male pattern hair growth. Deep voice. Muscle growth and male adiposity
  5. Non reproduction- muscle mass, bone density, closes epiphyseal plates, aggressive behavior, brain development in pre-optic area, hippocampus and amygdala
55
Q

How does testosterone close the epiphsyeal plates

A

Via aromatase conversion to estrogen

56
Q

Testosterone can be peripherally converted to what 2 things?

A

dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

estradiol (E2)

57
Q

What enzyme makes DHT?

A

5α-reductase

58
Q

What enzyme makes estradiol

A

Aromatase

59
Q

How is testosterone concentrated within the seminiferous tubules/

A

By binding to ABP

60
Q

How does testosterone travel through the circulation

A

Bound to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)

61
Q

What is the rate limiting step of testosterone synthesis?

A

The conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone by cholesterol desmolase
(REGULATED BY LH- increases the affinity of cholesterol desmolase to cholesterol)

62
Q

Does testosterone always need to be converted to DHT or E2?

A

No, it has some directbeffects that dont require conversion

RBS, muscle mass, abdominal visceral fat*, etc

63
Q

If a target tissue has 5α-reducatse, testosterone will be converted to ____

A

DHT

64
Q

If a target tissue has aromatase, testosterone will be converted to _____

A

Estradiol (E2)

65
Q

What are the direct effects of testosterone on target tissues?

A

Differentiation of epipdidyms, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles (INTERNAL male structures*)

Increased muscle mass

Puberty growth spurt

Growth of seminal vesicles

Deepening of voice

Negative feedback on anterior pituitary

Libido

66
Q

What are the effects of DHT on target tissues?

A

Differentiation of penis, scrotum and prostate **(EXTERNAL structures)

Male hair pattern

Male pattern baldness

Sebaceous gland activity

Growth of prostate

67
Q

If you lack the ability to turn testosterone into DHT, what kind of genitals will you have

A

You’ll be male INSIDE, but will have FEMALE external sex organs***VERY IMPORTATN

68
Q

Which is more potent: DHT or testosterone

A

DHT is 2x more potent (androgen receptors are 2x more sensitive)

69
Q

Why is LH and FSH secretion low before puberty/

A

Hippocampal inhibition of GnRH

70
Q

Why is LH and FSH secretion high during puberty?

A

Increased GnRH secretion

71
Q

What is senescence?

A

When a man starts making less testosterone and sperm at an older age (60-80 years)

72
Q

What are some signs of Androgen Deficiency (ADAM)?

A

Low bone formation

Low muscles

No sex drive

Low body height (compression in spine)

Low hematocrit

Cardiovascular disease

No facial hair

Depression, grumpy, no energy

Change in appetite

73
Q

What are some of the endocrine consequences of exogenous testosterone?

A

Reduction in LH, FSH via negative feedback

Reduced sperm production-infertility

Increase in free estrogens-exogenous T will free estrogens from binding proteins because it has a greater affinity for the receptors

Increased peripheral conversion of testosterone to estrogens- aromatase has more substrate

74
Q

True or false:

Supplementing testosterone will actually increase the amount of estrogen in your body

A

TRUE

Testosterone kicks estrogen off its binding proteins= more free estrogen

Aromatase has more substrate and it makes more estradiol

75
Q

What are some of the risks of testosterone replacement?

A

Cardiovascular disease (may cause ED) 🍝

Visceral obesity*🐖

Erythrocytosis

Fluid retention🌊

BPH 🌰

Prostate cancer

Acne🍕

Hepatotoxicity🍸

Infertility 😯

Sleep apnea 😴

Gynecomastia and breast cancer 🥥🥥

Psychosis/aggression🤬

Low immunity=cancer

76
Q

What causes pubic and armpit hair to grow

A

DHEA from the adrenal cortex

77
Q

What causes hair growth in men and is the cause of male pattern hair loss?

A

DHT

TOO much of it causes hair loss

78
Q

What is the name of male pattern hair loss

A

Male androgenetic alone is

79
Q

What kind of hair pattern would you expect to see in castrated males, eunuchoidal patients with androgen-insensitivity syndrome, and those with 5α-reductase definciy

A

They wouldn’t go bald

80
Q

What causes beard growth?

A

Synergism between DHT and IGF-1 produced in those cells

81
Q

What causes scalp hair growth to stop

A

DHT and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1)

82
Q

What causes hair follicles to get tiny

A

5α-reductase conversion of T to DHT

Sooo ⬆️5α-reductase on the hair follicle in the presence of TGF-β1= atrophy of hair follicle and stopped hair growth

83
Q

How does Propecia (Finasteride) treat androgenetic alopecia and BPH?

A

It is a 5α-reductase blocker that prevents the conversion of T to DHT

84
Q

Why should women not even HANDLE Propecia (Finasteride)

A

If you’re pregnant with a baby boy it could cause external genitalia to develop as female

85
Q

What are some of the side effects of Propecia (finasteride)

A

ED

Low libido

Reduced ejaculate

86
Q

Where does MOST of the fluid in semen come from?

A

The seminal vesicles

87
Q

What is in the fluid that seminal vesicles produce?

A

Fructose to nourish sperm

Prostaglandins to stimulate male and female reproductive tracts (makes sperm motile)

Clotting factors

88
Q

What is in the fluid that the prostate makes?

A

It is an alkaline fluid to counter the acidic vagina and pH triggers clotting to keep sperm in vagina
FUCKING GROSS 🤮
**

89
Q

What is the purpose of the fluid produced by the bulboutrethral glands?

A

Lubricant***

90
Q

Is semen mostly sperm?

A

No it is 90% fluids from the accessory glands and only 10% sperm

91
Q

Let’s see all the components of semen and where they come from because he said you needed to know it

A

Testes-sperm and testosterone

Seminal vesicles- fructose to nourish ejaculated sperm, prostaglandins that stimulate motility to help transport the sperm within the male AND female

Prostate- alkaline fluid that neutralizes acidic vaginal secretions

Bulbourethral gland- mucus for lubrication

92
Q

What are some of the problems that the prostate can have

A

Prostatits- bacterial infection

BPH- enlargement that may affect urination

Cancer- easily treated when caught early

93
Q

Is there a relationship between BPH and prostate cancer?

A

No

94
Q

Is erection caused by skeletal muscle contraction

A

No

95
Q

What are the erectile tissues in the penis

A

2 corpus cavernous a

1 corpus spongiosum

96
Q

What happens in the brain and spinal cord to trigger an erection?

A

tThe MPOA (medial preoptic area) receives sensory input from the amygdala and sense impulses to the paraventricular nuclei and then the periaqueductal gray matter in the sacral spinal cord (sacral erection generating center). Sacral area sends parasympathetic impulses to the penis.

97
Q

What is the integration site for the CNS control of erections

A

The MPOA (medial preoptic area)

98
Q

What two things can cause the sacral erection generating center in S2-S4 to start generating parasympathetic impulses to the penis?

A

Thinking about sex

Mechanical stimulation of the glans

99
Q

What causes the vasodilation of penis arterioles during erection?

A

Parasympathetic release of NO.

NO activates guanylyl cyclase=cGMP=lower intracellular Ca++= relaxation

100
Q

What keeps the blood in the penis during an erection?

A

Mechanical compression of veins by SKELETAL muscles at the base of the penis= collapse of venous return from cavernous spaces

101
Q

What causes the bulbourethral glands to make lubricant

A

Parasympathetic stimulation

102
Q

What happens if the penis receives tonic sympathetic stimulation?

A

Flaccid penis

103
Q

What would happen if you were to block sympathetic stimulation and stimulate parasympathetic impulses at the same time

A

Erection in 5 seconds

🌴🦍🐎🥕🍆🍌🦴

104
Q

What keeps guys from having boners all the time?

A

During the flaccid state, helicine arteries and trabecular smooth muscle are contracted

105
Q

What are the specific arteries that are dilated during erection to cause vasocongestion

A

Helicine arteries

106
Q

What are the specific veins that get compressed during erection to reduce outflow

A

Subtunical venules

107
Q

What are the 2 phases of ejaculation?

A
  1. Emission

2. Expulsion

108
Q

What happens during Emission?

A

SNS** impulses from L1 and L2 cause semen to enter the urethra from contraction of smooth muscle and accessory glands

109
Q

What happens during the Expulsion phase of ejactulation?

A

Filling of urethra triggers SOMATIC nervous impulses with rhythmic activation of skeletal muscles at the base of the penis

110
Q

What is the pathway of semen during ejaculation

A

Vas deferens-> ampulla of seminal vesicle -> urethra -> a sock 🧦

111
Q

What keeps semen from backing up into the bladder and pee from coming out during ejaculation?

A

Internal urethral sphincter contraction

112
Q

What are the 4 phases of orgasm/resolution and which parts are controlled by Parasympathtic vs Sympathttic

A
  1. Excitement- flushed skin, increased muslce tone, hard nipples, erection etc. Parasympathetic
  2. Plateu- testicles withdrawn into scrotum. Conditions of excitement phase intensify leading to orgasm. Parasympathtic
  3. Orgasm- intense pleasure, expulsion of semen. Involuntary muscle contraction, rhythmic contractions at base of penis result in ejaculation. Heightened emotions, pleasure, HR, perspiration. Sympathetic
  4. Resolution- sympathetic vasoconstriction impulses return body to normal function. Blood flow into penis slows. Refractory period.

POINT AND SHOOT

113
Q

What 3 things all need to work together to achieve an erection? (Aka where can things go wrong and cause ED)

A

Intact central and peripheral nervous system

Corpora cavernous a and spongiosa

Normal arterial blood supply and venous drainage

114
Q

True or false:

ED can be the first sign of atherosclerosis

A

True.

Helicine arteries are affected long before heart sx show up

115
Q

What do ED meds do to cause erection

A

they are PDE5 inhibitors that sustain NO stimulated cGMP levels in the penis

116
Q

When you have a vasectomy, do your testosterone levels decrease/

A

NO

117
Q

When you have a vasectomy, what happens to all the little sperms being made if they cant get out?!

A

They are removed through phagocytosis

118
Q

What is it called when you reverse a vasectomy

A

Vasovasostomy

119
Q

What is vasalgel?

A

A polymer gel that is injected into each vas deferens, blocking the movement of sperm. Reversible. Currently in human trials.

120
Q

How do synthetic progestins (Desotrogestrel and Etonogestrel) work as male contraception?

A

They are given in combo with testosterone to produce oligoazoospermia.

Side effects: Acne, weight gain, decreased HDL

Not available in US

121
Q

How does marijuana use affect male fertility?

A

Marijuana binds to Endocannabinoid receptors in the HPG axis and causes a suppressive effect.

Leads to altered male sex hormones and a neutral or negative effect on fertility.

The endocanabbinoid receptors are also in sperm, and marijuana use can make them unable to move

Physiology II Exam 3 (Lauren) (5 decks)

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