Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology II Exam 3 (Lauren) > Female Reproduction And Menopause > Flashcards

Female Reproduction And Menopause Flashcards

1
Q

When do we start calling an embryo a fetus

A

After 2 months of development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does estrogen do?

A

Secondary sexual characteristics

Ova maturation and release

Primes tissue to progesterone by increased progesterone receptors

Contributes to transport/viability of sperm in female

Breast development for lactation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does progesterone do

A

Prepares uterus for nourishment of embryo

Contributes to breasts’ ability to produce milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When do primordial germ cells go through mitosis?

A

Before birth until 20-24 weeks gestation! 6-7 million are made.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens to the oogonia that are produced until you’re a 20-24 week old fetus?

A

They enter prophase 1 of meisois 1 and then they just STOP UNTIL PUBERTY**

Yes that’s right, meiosis 1 doesnt even finish until puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When does meiosis 1 resume?

A

Just before ovulation, and ONLY in the oocyte that is released.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When you’re a little fetus, you make 7 million oogonia. How many are you born with?

A

Most of them degenerate before birth and then continue to degenerate.

By puberty only 400,000 remain, and over your lifetime, only 400 are ovulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When does meiosis 1 complete?

A

Just prior to ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When does meiosis 2 complete?

A

After fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many mature ovums will come from a primary oocyte?

A

Only 1. During the divisions, the cytoplasm is divided unevenly so only one gets it and the rest are polar bodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What stage is the egg in when the sperm first touches it?

A

Secondary oocyte.

Does not complete oogenesis and become an ovum until the sperm entry triggers the second meiotic division.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Oogenesis completes ONLY if the woman ________

A

Gets knocked up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Each primary oocyte yields ____ cytoplasm rich ovum and _____ cytoplasm-devoid polar bodies

A

1 ovum

3 polar bodies

(Vs each primary speratocyte yielding 4 equally viable spermatozoa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Are the ovarian cycle and uterine cycle the same thing

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When is the follicular phase?

A

Day 1 to ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When is the luteal phase?

A

Ovulation to the beginning of mesntruation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How many layers of granulosa cells are in a primary follicle?

A

Single layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What causes the granulosa cells of primary follicle to proliferate and form a zone pellucida, as well as cause surrounding ovarian connective tissue to become the thecal cells?

A

Local paracrines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Once a follicle reaches the preantral phase, what happens?

A

FSH at the beginning of the follicular phase recruits them to develop into an antral/secondary follicle as an estrogen-rich antrum starts to form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a Graafian follicle?

A

A completely mature follicle that has been growing rapidly under the influence of FSH.
It has a large antrum and the secondary oocyte is displaced to one side.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What causes the mature Graafian follicle to rupture and release the oocyte (ovulation)

A

LH surge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What causes the ruptured follicle to develop into a corpus luteum?

A

LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

Progesterone and Estrogen to prepare the uterus for implantation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if a fertilized ovum doesnt implant within 14 days?

A

Corpus luteum will degenerate, the luteal phase will end, and a new follicular phase begins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the zone pellucida?

A

A gel-like substance that surrounds the oocyte. (Secreted by granulosa cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What hormones cause a primordial follicle to develop into a preantral follicle?

A

NONE!!!! It is hormone-independent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How many ooytes get to complete meiosis 1 each month

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What happens to the levels of estrogen throughout the follicular phase?

A

Increase

Granulosa and thecal cells secrete increasing amounts as the follicle nears ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the ONLY hormone produced by the follicle

A

Estrogen

Changes AFTER it develops into a corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does corpus luteum mean?

A

“Yellow body” due to all the cholesterol in it that it uses to make PROGESTERONE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is a degenerated corpus luteum called?

A

Corpus albicans. “White body” due to fibrous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What hormones are secreted by the corpus luteum?

A

Estrogen

Progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which follicular cells convert cholesterol to androgens?

A

Theca cells ONLY

They are the only ones with cholesterol desmolase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What hormone causes cholesterol desmolase to start converting cholesterol to androgens?

A

LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Which follicular cells convert androgens to estradiol?

A

Granulosa cells***

They are the only ones with aromatase enzyme.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What hormone causes the granulosa cells to convert androgens (mostly androstenedione) into estradiol?

A

FSH**

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Cholesterol desmolase is in ______ cells and is stimulated by _____

Aromatase is in _____ cells and is stimulated by _____

A

Theca, LH

Granulosa, FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What happens to the estrogen produced by the granulosa cells?

A

Some of it is released into the blood to exert systemic effects (coupled to carrier proteins)

Some of it remains in the follicle and contributes to antral formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What stimulates the continued proliferation of the granulosa cells?

A

Local estrogen along with FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How much of the circulating estrogen is free vs bound to plasma proteins? Does it change throughout the menstrual cycle?

A

Only 3% is free and this does NOT change during the menstrual cycle. (Doesn’t matter how much is being made in the ovary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

GnRH is released in a (constant/pulsatile) manner

A

Pulsatile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

FSH Gonadotropes are stimulated by (high/low) pulse frequency of GnRH

A

Low***

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

LH gonadotropes are stimulated by (high/low) pulse frequency of GnRH

A

high***

44
Q

What causes Inhibin to be released from granulosa cells?

A

FSH

45
Q

Where does inhibin come from

A

Granulosa cells

46
Q

What effect does inhibin have

A

Negative feedback on FSH!***

47
Q

What kinds of things will inhibit the release of GnRH?

A

Prolactin

Stress

Exercise

Endorphins

Chronic illness

48
Q

At ovulation, estrogen levels are (high/low)

A

High**

49
Q

What causes the LH surge?

A

The estrogen level that has been climbing higher and higher through the follicular phase suddenly reaches a magic threshold and switches from having a negative feedback to a POSITIVE feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary.

Hypothalamus: increased GnRH frequency

Pituitary: increased GnRH receptors

50
Q

Why does only LH surge at ovulation? Estrogen is stimulating GnRH release, so shouldn’t it be both LH and FSH?

A

FSH does not rise as much die to INHIBIN!!!!**!*!*!*!!!!

51
Q

What are the effects of the LH surge?

A

Conversion of antral follicle to Graafian follicle

Process of meiosis is resumed

Production of protelolytic enzymes in follicle (digestion of follicle for ovulation rupture)

Increase prostaglandins- increase follicular blood flow, wall distensibility, and proteolytic enzymes

Differentiate follicle cells into corpus luteum Luteinization

52
Q

Once the follicle has turned into a corpus luteum, what prevents another LH surge?

A

The Progesterone that is now coming from the corpus luteum!

53
Q

How does progesterone prevent another LH surge?

A

It has a negative* feedback effect on the hypothalamus, which suppresses the positive feedback of estrogen, preventing another LH surge

54
Q

Ok so progesterone has now suppressed the release of FSH and LH. Now what?

A

The low LH causes the corpus luteum to degenerate, progesterone levels decline, and FSH levels can start to rise again, initiating a new cycle

55
Q

Estrogen normally has a negative feedback on the anterior pituitary. When does it have a positive effect?

A

midcycle

56
Q

What hormone restores the negative feedback of estrogen on the anterior pituitary

A

Progesterone**

57
Q

What are the 3 phases of the Uterine cycle?

A

Menstrual phase days 0-4

Proliferative phase days 5-14

Secretory (progestational phase) days 15-28

58
Q

Your period ALWAYS starts exactly 14 days after ovulation, so if you don’t have a perfect 28 day cycle, which ovarian is longer/shorter

A

Follicular

59
Q

What do the prostaglandins released by the uterus during menstruation do?

A

Vasoconstriction of endometrial vessels which disrupts blood supply and results in death of endometrium

Stimulates mild rhythmic contractions of uterine myometruim to expel blood from uterus

60
Q

When does the proliferative phase begin

A

Last portion of ovarian follicular phase

61
Q

What happens during the proliferative phase?

A

Endometrium repairs itself and proliferates under the influence of estrogen from newly growing follicles

62
Q

How long does the estrogen-dominant proliferative phase last?

A

Until ovulation

63
Q

When does the secretory/progestational phase happen?

A

After ovulation when a new corpus luteum has formed

64
Q

What happens during the secretory/progestational phase?

A

Progesterone converts the endometrium to highly vascularized, glycogen-filled tissue

Endometrial glands actively secrete glycogen

65
Q

What hormone causes the uterine lining to become highly vascular?

A

Progesterone

66
Q

What causes the breakdown and shedding of the uterine lining?

A

Withdrawal of hormone support

67
Q

What hormone causes the endometrial lining to thicken (not vascularize)

A

Estrogen

68
Q

What are the effects of estrogen on a woman’s body other than the menstrual cycle

A

Heart- protects from cholesterol

Liver- reduces cholesterol in blood

Vagina- makes it moist, protects from infection

Brain- adjusts body temp, increases memory, libido

Breast- grows and shapes breast, prepares breast for feeding

Skin- “makes skin young”

Bone- strengthens bone, increases density

69
Q

What are the effects of estrogen on the Fallopian tubes?

A

Increases number of cilia and their rate of beating to help the ovum go INTO the tube

70
Q

What are the effects of estrogen on the uterus?

A

Myometrium- increases oxytocin receptors and contractions

Endometrium- thickens, increases permeability. Synthesizes receptors for progesterone on uterine cells*******

71
Q

What are the effects of estrogen on the cervix?

A

Makes mucus thin, watery, and alkaline

Increases distensibility to make birthing easier

(@ midpoint of cycle, vagina becomes more friendly for sperm)

72
Q

What are the effects of estrogen on the vagina?

A

Proliferation of the epithelial layer

Increases vaginal secretions (reason menopause causes atrophy and dryness of vagina)

73
Q

What are the effects of estrogen on the mammary glands?

A

Required for growth

Increases ductal growth and growth of breast

Increases nipple size and pigmentation

(Every month there’s growth, nipple changes and sensitivity changes)

74
Q

What hormone causes increased deposit of subcutaneous fat in the hips and breasts

A

You bet its estrogen

75
Q

What are the effects of estrogen on the skeletal system and calcium metabolism

A

Epiphyseal closure

Facilitates calcium uptake into bone

Antagonizes PTH on bone (decrease rate of resorption)

Inhibits osteoclasts

76
Q

What are the effects of estrogen on the skin/hair growth?

A

Inhibits body and facial hair growth (except for pubic and armpit hair)

PROMOTES pubic and armpit hair growth

**WAS IN RED

77
Q

What are the effects of estrogen on the kidneys?

A

Increases absorption of Na+, Cl- and H2O, which contributes to bloating during the menstrual cycle***WAS IN RED

78
Q

What are the effects of estrogen on the heart?

A

Maintains low blood cholesterol (high HDL, low LDL)

Arterial vasodilator

Decreases atherosclerosis

79
Q

What “primes” the uterus for sitimulation by progesterone?

A

ESTROGEN!!!!!!!!*!*!!!!!!! THIS WAS RED AND HAD EXCLAMATION POINTS

80
Q

What are the effects of progesterone on the uterus?

A

Increase development of endometrial glands, converts uterus into actively secreting tissue

Induces deciduous formation

Decreases contractility

81
Q

What are the effects of progestoern on the cervix?

A

Antagonizes Estrogen !!!*

Decreases distensiibilty

Thick acidic mucus

(we don’t need a friendly environment for sperm anymore after ovulation!)

82
Q

What are the effects of progestoern on the vagina?

A

ANTAGONIZES ESTROGEN!!

Decreases proliferation of epithelial layer

83
Q

What are the effects of progestoern on the mammary glands?

A

Increased branching of the ductal system

Stimulated development of lobules and alveoli

84
Q

What are the effects of progesterone on body temp and appetite?

A

Increased temperature following ovulation by 0.5 degrees C (used as an indicator that ovulation has occurred)

Increases appetite

85
Q

What are the effects of progesterone on the kidneys?

A

Decreases Na+ reabsorption by competing with aldosterone

No more bloating after ovulation. Reverses effects of estrogen

86
Q

What is the hormone of pregnancy, that is responsible for implantation of the zygote and maintenance of the pregant state?

A

Progesterone

87
Q

Progesterone acts on estrogen primed tissues and typically (agonizes/antagonizes) estrogen’s effects

A

Antagonizes

88
Q

What causes contractions of the uterus that cause menstrual cramps?

A

Prostaglandins (reasons NSAIDs help)

89
Q

When do mesntrual cramps happen

A

When your period starts

90
Q

PMS happens in the (luteal/follicular) phase

A

Luteal

91
Q

What is Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)?

A

PMS symptoms related to severe mood disorder:

Bloating

Weight gain increased appetite

breast tenderness

Ankle edema

Headaches

Irritability and mood swings

Depression/anxiety

Fatigue

Difficult concentrating and working effectively

92
Q

What is menopause?

A

A decline in fertility associated with a decline in ovarian function

93
Q

What causes menopause

A

Drop in the critical mass of primordial follicles

94
Q

What is the mean age of menopause?

A

51.4 years****

Range: 40-58yrs

95
Q

When does follicular atresia accelerate RAPIDLY in a climacteric fashion

A

37.5 yrs*****

preprogrammed accelerated dwindling of follicle pool

96
Q

What is the PRIMARY cause of perimenopause/menopause

A

DECREASED FOLLICLE POOL

97
Q

At the beginning phase of perimenopause, when your follicle pool is starting to get smaller you have a shorter menstrual cycle. Why?

A

Follicles making less inhibin = increased FSH = more and more follicles mature faster and faster = shorter cycle

98
Q

In the middle phase of perimenopause, when your follicle pool is even smaller, why do you have a longer cycle?

A

Decreased estrogen = delayed positive feedback = longer cycle

99
Q

What happens if your follicle pool is so small that you start to have insufficient estrogen to cause a positve feedback?

A

No LH spike = NO ovulation

100
Q

When you have like basically NO follicles left and no estrogen, what happens to LH and FSH levels?

A

They get SUPER HIGH.

There will be no negative feedback of estrogen on the hypothalamus so LH and FSH will be released in super high amounts

101
Q

What hormone levels could you check to diagnose menopause?

A

FSH (maybe LH too?) since they will be extremely high once the woman has no follicles making estrogen aka menopause

102
Q

What levels of FSH are diagnostic for menopause?

A

FSH >30 mIU/mL***

Was in a red box*

103
Q

What are the effects of menopause on the body?

A

Hot flashes (no more temp regulation)

Urogenital atrophy (atrophy or estrogen dependent tissues: breast, uterus, vagina)

Decreased vaginal secretion, painful sex

Cognitive function- increased risk of Alzheimer’s

Osteoporosis

Cardiovascular disease

104
Q

What is the mechanism of action of hormonal contraception?

A

Prevents ovulation by NEGATIVE feedback on the anterior pituitary, preventing LH surge!!!!**

Also:
Thickens cervical mucus

Decreased motility of uterus and Fallopian tubes

Decreased uterine glycogen production, which impaired blastocyst survival and interferes with implantation

105
Q

What hormones are in birth control?

A

Can be combination pills with E and P or…

Progesterone alone

Physiology II Exam 3 (Lauren) (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions