Male Reproduction

Question 1

What regulates male reproduction?

Answer 1

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular Axis

Question 2

What the primary sexy organs?

Answer 2

Testes (Gonads)

Question 3

What do testes do?

Answer 3

Produce sperm and sex steroid hormones

Question 4

Where are the testes located?

Answer 4

External scrotum

Question 5

What is the optimal temperature for the testes?

Answer 5

3 degrees C lower tha core body temperature

Question 6

What are the secondary sex organs?

Answer 6

Penis (copulation), Duct system (sperm delivery to exterior), and accessory glands (produce semen)

Question 7

What makes up the duct system?

Answer 7

Epididymis, Ductus Deferens, Ejaculatory Duct, Urethra

Question 8

What makes up the accessory glands?

Answer 8

Seminal vesicles, Prostate, Bulbourethral glands

Question 9

Where is sperm produced?

Answer 9

Seminiferous tubules

Question 10

How is mature sperm delivered?

Answer 10

Via vas deferens

Question 11

What produces testosterone?

Answer 11

Interstitial (Leydig) cells

Question 12

What is are the 5 functions of Sertoli Cells?

Answer 12

1. Stimulate spermatogenesis
2. Nourish developing sperm
3. Provide blood-testis barrier
4. Secrete luminal fluid with androgen binding protein
5. Phagocytosis of dead or defective developing sperm

Question 13

When does spermatogenesis being?

Answer 13

Puberty

Question 14

What does spermatogenesis produce?

Answer 14

4 mature sperms for 1 primary spermatocyte

Question 15

What is the human sperm life expectancy? Mouse? Horse?

Answer 15

24-48 hours; 6 hours; 144 hours

Question 16

What is the function of Acrosome?

Answer 16

Releases enzymes (Hyaluronidase) to initiate fertilization

Question 17

What is the effect of FSH on the testes?

Answer 17

Increase spermatogenesis in Sertoli cells

Question 18

What is the effect of LH on testes?

Answer 18

Increase testosterone production by Leydig cells

Question 19

Where is Gonadotropin releasing hormone produced?

Answer 19

Hypothalamus

Question 20

What does Gonadotropin releasing hormone do?

Answer 20

1. Stimulates LH and FSH production by pituitary and

2. Controls production of sperm and testosterone

Question 21

Where is Follicle stimulating hormone produced?

Answer 21

Anterior Pituitary

Question 22

What does FSH do?

Answer 22

Stimulates production of sperm (Sertoli Cells)

Question 23

Where is Luteinizing hormone produced?

Answer 23

Anterior Pituitary

Question 24

What does LH do?

Answer 24

Stimulates testosterone production by Leudig cells

Question 25

Where is Testosterone produced?

Answer 25

Leudig cells

Question 26

What does testosterone do?

Answer 26

1. Stimulates secondary sex characteristics 2. Stimulates spermatogenesis 3. Sex drive 4. Negative feedback to slow release of pituitary LH

Question 27

Where is Androsterone produced?

Answer 27

Leudig cells

Question 28

Where is Inhibin produced?

Answer 28

Sertoli cells

Question 29

What does Inhibin do?

Answer 29

1. Nourishes developing sperm cells | 2. Negative feedback to slow release of FSH and GnRH

Question 30

What is the source of synthesis of steroid and sex hormones?

Answer 30

Cholesterol

Question 31

What are Low Density Lipoproteins?

Answer 31

Main provider of cholesterol for adrenocortical steroid synthesis

Question 32

What are the 4 testosterone precursors?

Answer 32

Pregnenolone, Progesterone, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and Androstenedione

Question 33

When does testosterone production occur during fetal development? When does it peak?

Answer 33

8 weeks; peaks at 12-18 week of gestation

Question 34

What is fetal testosterone important for?

Answer 34

1. Differentiation of the fetal genitourinary tract 2. Gender formation 3. Masculinization of external genitalia

Question 35

What do genomic effects do?

Answer 35

Increases protein synthesis in target androgen-responsive cells

Question 36

Estrogen production in males?

Answer 36

The end product of the cholesterol conversion to steroids

Question 37

How is estrogen produced?

Answer 37

Produced from testosterone by aromatase in liver (80%), testes, muscle, brain, and fat cells

Question 38

How much estrogen is produced in males?

Answer 38

1/5 of female level

Question 39

Why is estrogen necessary in males?

Answer 39

Necessary for male fertility during reproductive age

Question 40

What causes increase estrogen production in males?

Answer 40

Increased age and obesity

Question 41

What are anabolic-androgenic steroids?

Answer 41

Synthetic variants of testosterone

Question 42

What is hypogonadism?

Answer 42

Sex glands produce little or no sex hormones

Question 43

What causes hypogonadism?

Answer 43

Primary testicular disease, Central Hypogonadism

Question 44

What causes primary testicular disease?

Answer 44

Gonadal defects, hormone resistance

Question 45

What causes central hypogonadism?

Answer 45

Hypothalamus/Pituitary dysfunction

Question 46

What is hyperandrogenism?

Answer 46

Androgen excess

Question 47

What are causes of hyperandrogenism?

Answer 47

(Adrenal hyperplasia) 1. Anterior pituitary adenoma 2. Dysfunction of hypothalamus 3. Tumor producing ectopic ACTH 4. Adenoma of adrenal cortex

Question 48

What are treatments of hyperandrogenism?

Answer 48

Anti-androgen drugs, gonadotropin secretion inhibitors

Question 49

What controls male sexual act?

Answer 49

Autonomic nervous system

Question 50

What are the elements of male sexual act?

Answer 50

1. Penile erection 2. Lubrication 3. Emission & Ejaculation

Question 51

Why is Nitric Oxide critical for penile erection?

Answer 51

NO mediates an increase in penile blood flow

Question 52

What are causes of erectile dysfunction?

Answer 52

1. Neurological problems 2. Trauma to parasympathetic nerves 3. Low testosterone 4. Drugs 5. Vascular disease

Question 53

Causes of male infertility?

Answer 53

1. Cryptorchidism (failure of testes to descend) 2. Low sperm count 3. Abnormal sperm